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| IPA – number | 141 |
| IPA – text | ɣ |
| IPA – image |  |
| Entity | ɣ |
| X-SAMPA | G |
| Kirshenbaum | Q |
| Sound sample | |
The voiced velar fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in various spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ɣ (a variant of the Greek letter γ, gamma, which is used for this sound in Modern Greek), not to be confused with ɤ, the IPA symbol for a close-mid back unrounded vowel), and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is G. The symbol ɣ is also sometimes used to represent the velar approximant, though that is more accurately written with the lowering diacritic: ɣ̞ or ɣ˕.
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Features
Features of the voiced velar fricative:
- Its manner of articulation is fricative, which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence.
- Its place of articulation is velar which means it is articulated with the back part of the tongue (the dorsum) against the soft palate (the velum).
- Its phonation type is voiced, which means the vocal cords are vibrating during the articulation.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by allowing the airstream to flow over the middle of the tongue, rather than the sides.
- The airstream mechanism is pulmonic egressive, which means it is articulated by pushing air out of the lungs and through the vocal tract, rather than from the glottis or the mouth.
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alekano | gamó | [ɣɑmɤʔ] | 'cucumber' | ||
| Angor | ranih |
[ɾɑniɣə] | 'brother' | ||
| Angas | γür | [ɣyr] | 'to pick up' | ||
| Arabic | غرفة | [ˈɣurfɐ] | 'room' | May be post-velar or uvular depending on dialect. See Arabic phonology | |
| Asu | [fiɣo] | 'kidney' | |||
| Azerbaijani | ağac | [aɣadʒ] | 'tree' | ||
| Catalan[1] | bolígraf boníssim | [buˈliɣɾəv buˈnisim] | 'excellent ballpoint' | See Catalan phonology | |
| Chechen | гӀала/ġala | [ɣa:la] | 'town' | ||
| Dinka | ɣo | [ɣo] | 'us' | ||
| Dutch | gaan | [ɣaːn] | 'to go' | See Dutch phonology | |
| Georgian[2] | ღარიბი | [ɣɑribi] | 'poor' | May actually be post-velar or uvular | |
| Gujarati | વાઘણ | [ʋɑ̤̈ɣəɽ̃] | 'tigress' | See Gujarati phonology | |
| Ghari | cheghe | [tʃeɣe] | 'five' | ||
| Greek | γάλα | [ˈɣala] | 'milk' | See Modern Greek phonology | |
| Gweno | [ndeɣe] | 'bird' | |||
| Gwich'in | videeghàn | [viteːɣân] | 'his/her chest' | ||
| Hän | dëgëghor | [təkəɣor] | 'I am playing.' | ||
| Irish | dhorn | [ɣoːɾˠn̪ˠ] | 'fist' | See Irish phonology | |
| Iwaidja | [mulaɣa] | 'hermit crab' | |||
| Japanese[3] | はげ | [haɣe] | 'baldness' | Especially in fast and/or casual speech, See Japanese phonology | |
| Navajo | ’aghá | [ʔaɣa] | 'best' | ||
| Ngwe | Mmockngie dialect | [nøɣə̀] | 'sun' | ||
| Occitan | Gascon | digoc | [diˈɣuk] | 'said (3sg.)' | |
| Pashto | غاتر | [ɣɑtər] | 'mule' | ||
| Persian | کاغذ | [kɒɣæz] | 'paper' | See Persian phonology | |
| Polish | niechże | [ɲeɣʐɛ] | 'let,' 'suppose' | See Polish phonology | |
| Portuguese | European[4] | agora | [əˈɣorə] | 'now' | Allophone of /g/ in northern and central dialects.[5] See Portuguese phonology |
| Some Brazilian dialects[6] | carro | [ˈkaɣu] | 'car' | Rhotic consonant | |
| Northern Qiang | ? | [ɣnəʂ] | 'February' | ||
| Romani | Lithuanian | γoines | [ɣoines] | 'good' | |
| Sardinian | Nuorese dialect | súghere | [ˡsuɣɛrɛ] | 'to suck' | |
| Sindhi | غم | [ɣəmʊ] | 'sadness' | ||
| Swahili | ghali | [ɣali] | 'expensive' | ||
| Tadaksahak | ? | [zoɣ] | 'war' | ||
| Tajik | ғафс | [ɣafs] | 'thick' | ||
| Tiwi | ngaga | [ˈŋaɣa] | 'we inclusive' | ||
| Turkish | ağaç | [aɣatʃ] | 'tree' | Certain dialects. See Turkish phonology | |
| Tutchone | Northern | ihghú | [ihɣǔ] | 'tooth' | |
| Southern | ghra | [ɣra] | 'baby' | ||
| Vietnamese | ghê | [ɣe] | 'to have a horror; terribly' | See Vietnamese phonology | |
See also
References
- ^ Wheeler (2005:10)
- ^ Shosted & Chikovani (2006:255)
- ^ Okada (1991:95)
- ^ Cruz-Ferreira (1995:92)
- ^ Mateus & d'Andrade (2000:11)
- ^ Barbosa & Albano (2004:228)
Bibliography
- Barbosa, Plínio A. (2004), "Brazilian Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 34 (2): 227-232
- Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 25 (2): 90-94
- Mateus, Maria Helena & Ernesto d'Andrade (2000), The Phonology of Portuguese, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-823581-X
- Okada, Hideo (1991), "Japanese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 21 (2): 94-97
- Shosted, Ryan K. & Chikovani Vakhtang (2006), "Standard Georgian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 36 (2): 255-264
- Wheeler, Max W (2005), written at Oxford, The Phonology Of Catalan, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0199258147
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