Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Ana Ma. Fernández-Planas & Josefina Carrera-Sabaté (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association33 (2): 255-259
Okada, Hideo (1991), "Phonetic Representation:Japanese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association21 (2): 94-97
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Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a voiced consonant. Shaded areas denote pulmonic articulations judged impossible.