Thomas the Tank Engine and Friends
This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Thomas_the_Tank_Engine_and_Friends".

Thomas & Friends
Thomas the Tank Engine
Format	Children's television series
Created by	Wilbert Vere Awdry Britt Allcroft Robert D. Cardona (1984-1986) David Mitton (1984-2003) Simon Spencer (2004-present) Steve Asquith (2004-present)
Starring	Thomas the Tank Engine and Friends
Narrated by	Ringo Starr (1984–1991) (UK and US series) Michael Angelis (1991–2008) (UK series) George Carlin (1991–1998 (US series) Alec Baldwin (1998–2003) (US series) Michael Brandon (2003–2008) (US series) Pierce Brosnan (2008–) (UK and US series)
Composer(s)	Junior Campbell & Mike O'Donnell (1984–2003)
Country of origin	United Kingdom
No. of episodes	302
Production
Running time	four and a half minutes (season 1-7) seven minutes (season 8-12)
Broadcast
Original channel	ITV (1984-1991) (2002-2003) (2009-Present), Cartoon Network (1995-2001), Nick Jr., Noggin and Milkshake PBS, PBS Kids Sprout ABC, Nick Jr. Australia Tokyo MX Rede Manchete, TVO, BBC Kids, Treehouse TV Super RTL Rai Due, Rai Tre RTM2, Astro Ceria Azteca 7, Azteca 13, Proyecto 40 Discovery Kids Nickelodeon TV3 NRK 1 3ABN Telenyanya (First Channel Worldnet) TV4, MiniMini Cadena Tres
Original run	September 4, 1984 – Present

Thomas the Tank Engine and Friends is a British children's television series, first broadcast on Anglia Television in September of 1984. From 2003 (Season 7), the title was shortened to Thomas & Friends.

It is based on The Railway Series of books created by the Reverend Wilbert V. Awdry. These deal with the adventures of a group of subanthropomorphised trains and road vehicles who live on the fictional Island of Sodor. The books were based on stories Awdry told to entertain his son Christopher during his recovery from measles. Many of the stories are based on events from Awdry's personal experience.

During the 1980s, the television rights were sold to Britt Allcroft, who started producing the television series. It premiered in the UK in 1984. The show has been narrated by Ringo Starr (1984-90), Michael Angelis (1991-2007), George Carlin (1991-97), Alec Baldwin (1998-03), Michael Brandon (2003-07) and the upcoming series will be narrated by Pierce Brosnan.

Many businesses have been eager to cash-in on the world-wide popularity of the series. 'Thomas'-themed merchandise has appeared in almost every form imaginable, from books and magazines, through vast series of models, to duvet covers, cutlery, soft drinks and even spaghetti shapes.

Heritage railways have also benefited from the series. "Day Out With Thomas" events, where passengers are given the chance to ride on full-size trains pulled by Thomas or his friends, provide a considerable source of income, and attract those who might not otherwise visit the railway.

Format and animation

Each episode consists of a four and a half-minute (Seasons 1-7) or seven-minute (Season 8 onwards) story, told by a narrator.

The series is animated using live-action models, seen at the time of first production as the most effective way of realising the stories without the cost and expense of conventional animation. The locomotives and other vehicles move, but people and animals are generally static. Stop-motion is generally used for instances in which a human or animal character is seen to move. In recent seasons, CGI has been used to generate smoke and other effects.

The use of a narrator removes the need to make characters' mouths move when they speak. However, their eyes do move by use of remote controlled mechanisms. The characters' faces are sculpted from foam rubber. Each character has several different faces to convey different emotions.

The models were initially built to the 1:32 scale, known in model railway circles as "Gauge 1". They used chassis made by Märklin with specially made bodies. As well as the eye mechanisms, these bodies also include smoke generators. Coaches and trucks were made using Tenmille kits. Models were later constructed entirely from scratch.

From Season 5 onwards, some larger scale models were used for the narrow gauge characters, in order to make it easier to fit the complex mechanisms into them while retaining a sufficient level of detail. In Season 6, the characters known as "the Pack" (construction machines) were also constructed to a large scale, and large models of Thomas and Percy were made to interact with them. Beginning with the ninth season, the Thomas model also interacted with the narrow gauge engines. It was joined by a large version of James in the tenth season.

It was announced that Thomas and Friends, along with HIT Entertainment's other franchise Bob the Builder, that newer series will be produced by Nitrogen Studios in Canada. The twelfth series of 2008 will feature Nitrogen's assistance in animating the faces of the characters, and in the 2009 season the series' production will move from Britain to Canada, and will be fully CGI instead of using models. ^[1]

Series history

For the first two seasons the series was closely based on stories from the Railway Series. The first season took stories from the first eight books, along with one specially written by the Rev. W. Awdry, Thomas's Christmas Party.

The second season took stories from Book 9 (Edward the Blue Engine) to Book 30 (More About Thomas the Tank Engine). This last book was unusual, in that it was written specifically by Christopher Awdry in order to be adapted for the series, as a contractual obligation of the series at that time was that it could not create original stories that had not previously appeared in print. The series also adapted a story from a Thomas Annual, 'Thomas and Trevor', and an especially written stand-alone story, Thomas and the Missing Christmas Tree.

The third season (1991) – made at a cost of £1.3 million^[2] – was a combination of episodes derived from the Railway Series, from stories in the Thomas the Tank Engine and Friends magazine and original stories. There were two primary reasons for diverging from the original books. The first was that many of the books not yet adapted featured large numbers of new characters, and so would be expensive to produce. The second was that the producers wanted more stories centering on Thomas, the nominal main character. The Rev. W. Awdry complained that the new stories were unrealistic and not true to the spirit of the books (see Henry the Green Engine for more details on this) ^[2].

For the fourth season (1995), the producers planned to introduce some "new" female characters, including Caroline the car, Nancy the guard's daughter and The Refreshment Lady.^[3]. Some commentators took this as a response to a number of accusations of sexism that had been levelled against the series two years earlier^[4]. In reality, they were not "new" characters, but creations of the Rev. Awdry, borrowed from The Railway Series.

Season 4 was almost entirely based on the Railway Series, the last season to do so. The narrow gauge engines were introduced, greatly increasing the number of stories that could be produced. Only one original story was used, namely 'Rusty to the Rescue', but this took certain elements of plot and dialogue from the book Stepney the "Bluebell" Engine.

The fifth season was a radical departure, as it was entirely original. This season saw the introduction of new characters and more action-packed storylines^{citation needed}.

Following this season, the film 'Thomas and the Magic Railroad' was released. It featured only a small number of characters from the television series and was rather more fantasy based. Despite high production values and the popularity of Thomas the Tank Engine and Friends, the movie was criticised for being confusing, badly written, poorly directed, poorly acted and not true to the spirit of either the Railway Series or the television adaptation by UK audiences^{citation needed}. It was well received by young children at whom it was aimed^{citation needed} and made $16 million at the box office; however, no reference to the film has ever been made in the television series. New episodes that had been written by Britt Allcroft and director David Mitton were from then on scripted by hired-in writers.

The sixth and seventh seasons continued the policy of action-packed storylines and new characters. The sixth season was notable for its attempt to create a spin-off series. In this sixth season, two episodes were produced centering around a group of new characters known as 'The Pack'. These were construction machines, and it has been speculated that this was an attempt to cash in on the success of Bob the Builder^{citation needed}. The spin-off never materialised, and as the models of the Pack were incompatible with the other characters in the series (having been built to a larger scale), they have not been seen in the series since. However, they have recently appeared in a straight-to-video spin-off release called On Site with Thomas which could presumably be that spinoff that never materialized (a possible hint would be old Tidmouth sheds is still there and the fact that it is filmed with the 35 min camera from Season 1-7).

Starting with Season 7, the title was shortened to Thomas & Friends.

Following Season 7, a number of significant changes took place. The series was taken over by HIT Entertainment (the owners of Bob the Builder). Episode length was increased from four and a half to seven minutes, and a new theme tune was composed. The number of characters was greatly reduced, with stories focusing on Thomas, Edward, Henry, Gordon, James, Percy, Toby and Emily. Following complaints from parent action groups concerning the number of accidents in the series, the stories' emphasis was moved from action to character, with episodes generally focusing upon morals^{citation needed}.

Shortly before the release of Series 9, a straight-to-video film, 'Calling All Engines', was released. This featured characters from 'Thomas and the Magic Railroad', but was not a sequel as such. It proved successful, and more direct-to-video specials are being made for the future.^[5]

Series 9 and 10 featured the introductions of new characters, as well as returns of several older ones. The show format generally remained the same as Series 8. Season 10, which aired in 2006, became the first season to ever feature 28 episodes, as opposed to the standard 26 episodes per season.

The eleventh season came in 2007, and was the first to be filmed in the increasingly popular high definition format. Only 20 episodes aired freely. However, six other episodes focusing on the Skarloey Railway were released on a DVD called "Engines and Escapades".

UK and USA DVD & Video History

• UK
  • Guild Home Video (1984-1985)
  • Screen Legends (1986-1991)
  • Video Collection International (1985-2005)
  • 2 Entertain (2005-2008)
  • HIT Entertainment (2008-present)

• USA
  • Strand VCI Entertainment (1989-1993)
  • Strand Home Video (1993-1995)
  • Quality Family Entetainment (1994)
  • Anchor Bay Entertainment (1995-Present)
  • HIT Entertainment (2004-Present)
  • Lionsgate Entertainment (with HIT Entertainment) (2008-Present)

Characters

The characters are split to separate pages. These pages are:

• Railway Engines
• Narrow Gauge Engines
• Rolling Stock
• People and animals
• Non-rail vehicles
• Movie Characters

List of productions

Television Seasons

Theatrical Releases

• Thomas and the Magic Railroad (2000)

Direct-to-video Releases

• Calling All Engines (2005) (Feature length special)
• On Site with Thomas (2006) (Spin-off episodes)
• Engines and Escapades (2007) (Un-aired Season 11 episodes)
• The Great Discovery (2008) (Feature length special)

Thomas on television and in film

The series was first broadcast in 1984 on ITV's Children's ITV in the United Kingdom. It was shown throughout the late eighties and into the early 90s when it was taken off the terrestrial UK network following broadcast of the third series. Between 1994 and 2003, Thomas was never shown on terrestrial UK networks, although did make a comeback on satellite through Cartoon Network in the mid 1990s and lasted until 2001, which was 5 seasons, and then Nick Jr in 2001/2002, where it has remained since and become a popular fixture, even stretching to their involvement with Gullane and HIT Entertainment on recent series of the popular children's series.

Thomas also made a comeback on Children's ITV in January 2003 with its sixth series of four and a half minute stories. The sixth and seventh series were shown in their entirety in 2002 and 2003. The eighth series was broadcast in 2004, but only 13 episodes were aired, possibly on account of the new format for the programme; it wasn't until July 2006 that the remaining 13 episodes were broadcast. Due to a new agreement between ITV and the Programming Authority (Ofcom) which allowed them to cut their children's TV output in mid 2005, five bought the rights to the series. The ninth series began showing on 10 October 2006, followed one month later on 10 November 2006 by the tenth. The channel now shows series 8-10 in rotation.

In 1989, Thomas and Friends was shown in North America, in a television series called Shining Time Station, which was broadcast on PBS. Storytime with Thomas was another American spin-off that aired in 1999 on the Fox Family Channel. Thomas segments were also shown on Mister Moose's Fun Time in 1997 (which also appeared on the Fox Family Channel). Today, Thomas and Friends is broadcast in more than twenty languages around the world. In 2000 Thomas moved to the big screen, with the release of Thomas and the Magic Railroad. However, the film was not a success.

The Thomas and Friends stories were four and a half minutes long. The first two series showed two episodes at a time, with a show of the characters in the middle. It changed to one at a time in series three. In each series until series eight, the number of trains on the railway increases as the railway expands.

In 2004, the series began using computer animated special effects and the story length changed from five to seven minutes. A half-hour show format (aired on PBS and Treehouse TV in North America and on Nick Jr. in the UK from 2004-2008) was also adopted, showing three episodes plus puzzles, songs, and mini stories. The new series made major changes, such as changing the famous theme tune, and took on a more moralistic stance than previous series. Starting Season 10, only two episodes aired, with the middle story being replaced with Places around Sodor, a recurring mini-story which features major locations and recaps episodes from Seasons 8-10 that take place at the location. Season 11, also only two episodes aired, and Places around Sodor was replaced by Fun times with One of Sodor Engines.

Narrators

UK versions

• Ringo Starr (UK narrator Seasons 1-2): Starr narrated the first two seasons of the show.

• Michael Angelis (UK narrator Seasons 3-11; US narrator in the New Friends for Thomas DVD release). Angelis narrated the series beginning in 1991 and will leave in 2008, making him the longest-standing narrator for the series in its history. He began in the third season, and continued to narrate the British series until Season 11 sixteen years later, and briefly served as the U.S. narrator for the DVD release New Friends for Thomas before being succeeded by Michael Brandon. He also narrated the direct-to-video release Calling All Engines and the first three volumes of The Railway Series for CD. Volume 1 was released in the UK in March 2006.

US versions

• Ringo Starr (US narrator Seasons 1-2): In 1989 Beatles Drummer Ringo Starr re-narrated the first and second seasons in the US. He also played the Mr. Conductor character in Season 1 of Shining Time Station.
• George Carlin (US narrator Seasons 1-4). Carlin, a well known stand-up comedian in the United States, was the first American to narrate the series; he replaced Starr in 1991 for the American series and Shining Time Station as the Mr. Conductor character. In the American series, Carlin re-narrated the first two seasons for Shining Time. In 1998, he left the series to return to his career in comedy.
• Alec Baldwin (US narrator Seasons 5-6). Baldwin replaced Carlin in 1998 for the U.S. series, but later left to pursue film roles. In the American series, Baldwin narrated Season 5 & 6. He also appeared in the movie Thomas and the Magic Railroad, where he became the third actor to play Mr. Conductor.
• Michael Brandon (US narrator Seasons 7-11). Brandon narrated the seventh through tenth seasons. Brandon also narrated the straight to DVD releases Calling All Engines and On Site with Thomas. In the American series, Brandon re-narrated some Season 6 episodes for Television Broadcast. Season 11 was the last season to feature Brandon's narration.

Upcoming Narrator

• Pierce Brosnan (UK and US narrator, projected: Seasons 12-15). It was announced in July 2007 that former James Bond actor Pierce Brosnan would take over narration duties for the series. After narrating the DVD-exclusive The Great Discovery in Autumn 2008, Brosnan will narrate two more direct-to-DVD specials and three seasons of TV episodes, starting with Season 12.^[5]

International versions

• Leo Morimoto is the narrator of the Japanese version of the series. Unlike the other versions, voices for the characters were provided by individual voice actors. Starting from Season 9, the narrator as well as the voice actors have been replaced.
• The Mexican/Spanish narrators have been Jorge Arvizu (Seasons 1-2), Eduardo Tejedo (Seasons 3-4), Salvador Delgado (Seasons 5-7), Arturo Mercado Jr. (Seasons 8-11), and Carlos Segundo (Season 12-Present).
• In Denmark the narrators have been Poul Dissing and later Tommy Kenter.
• In Hungary the narrator is Zoltán Csankó, and the series is running under the title Thomas és barátai (Thomas and his friends).
• In the German version, the Narrator is Sky Du Mont, and the series title is named, Thomas und seine Freunde (Thomas and his Friends).
• In the Netherlands, Erik de Zwart, a former D.J., is the narrator and the series is running under the title Thomas de stoomlocomotief.
• In the Portuguese, Polish (TV4 only), Norwegian, and Swedish versions, the narrator is a woman.

Production history

The series has gone through numerous changes throughout its run. The producer is in charge of every aspect of the show for the relevant season(s)

• 1984 to 1990: Britt Allcroft (executive producer), David Mitton, and Robert D. Cardona
• 1991 to 2000: Britt Allcroft, David Mitton
• 2001 to 2003: Phil Fehrle
• 2004 to Present: Simon Spencer

Originally the series was produced by The Britt Allcroft Company and Clearwater Features Ltd (David Mitton and Robert D. Cardona's company). Clearwater closed in 1990 and The Britt Allcroft Company (which changed to Gullane Entertainment in 2000) was the sole producer until 2002, when HIT Entertainment bought the company and now runs its operation. HIT Entertainment was acquired in 2005 by the private equity firm Apax.

The series has always been filmed at Shepperton Studios.

Behind the Scenes

Lists of miscellaneous information should be avoided. Please relocate any relevant information into appropriate sections or articles. (July 2008)

• Since 1984, the show has been filmed at West London's Shepperton Studios. The layouts are expansive and fit in a hangar-sized room. The train miniatures are set on remote control and filmed using a 35 mm camera, in order to get quality shots from such small objects. [1]
• Season 7 was the last season to use 35 mm film and the original Thomas the Tank Engine theme tune.
• Mike O'Donnell and Junior Campbell composed the show's original main title theme, songs, and incidental music from the years 1984 to 2003 (Season 1 to Season 7 - 182 episodes). In 2004, Robert Hartshorne took their place as composer, while Ed Welch wrote the new theme tune and the songs.
• Thomas the Tank Engine was in The Guinness Book of World Records 2004 as the world's largest model railway. The model of James for "Thomas and Friends Live" holds the record as the world's largest model engine.
• Three real engines have been featured on the show - Stepney has made a number of appearances, and City of Truro and Flying Scotsman (Cameo) played minor roles in two Season 3 episodes.
• Beginning with Season 12, production will be moved from Britain to Canada, and, in a revolutionary step, CGI animation will be used to actually allow the faces on the characters to move with their speech. However, in the background of the show, the characters will still have faces that don't move.

Popularity with autistic audience

• In June and July 2001, the National Autistic Society conducted a survey of 81 parents of children with autism and Asperger syndrome to investigate their putative 'special relationship' with Thomas the Tank Engine. The survey confirmed the organization's assumption from anecdotal evidence that children with autism spectrum disorders associate far more strongly with Thomas the Tank Engine than with other children's characters.^[6].
• In the National Autistic Society's April 2007 survey, conducted with 748 UK parents of children under 10 with autism, 58% of parents reported Thomas was the first children's character their children enjoyed, with about 1/3 of parents reported their children were able to learn basic facial expressions from the characters, as all of Thomas's friends have easy-to-read expressions. 54% of parents reported that the stories contributed to their child's sense of security.^[7]

Commercialisation

Merchandise

Main article: Thomas the Tank Engine and Friends merchandise

A wide range of merchandise has been manufactured to cash-in on the success of the TV Series Thomas the Tank Engine and Friends. It is down to the popularity and longevity of the series – having originated in 1945 with the first of The Railway Series books by the Rev. W. Awdry – that large numbers of manufacturers have sought to produce 'Thomas'-branded items.

The most popular and wide-ranging items of merchandise are the models of the characters, which have been produced in many different ranges, some including accompanying railway systems. Other popular products include videos, books and magazines, and computer games. However, 'Thomas' merchandise has also included such diverse items as: audiobooks, annuals, colouring and activity books, jigsaws, board games, stationery, clothing, cutlery, household items such as curtains, duvet covers and lampshades, and even soft drinks and spaghetti shapes.

Day Out with Thomas

Main article: Day Out With Thomas

"Day Out with Thomas", is a marketing name used by HIT Entertainment for special events held at heritage railways in the UK. The characteristic features of these events include locomotives wearing 'faces' to resemble 'Thomas' characters, and a "Fat Controller" character, usually performed by one of the railway's volunteers. The general idea is that the public have the chance to ride in a train pulled by 'Thomas' or one of his friends.

In the US the name also refers to "Come Ride the Rails with Thomas" [2] which is a US tour by real trains modelled after Thomas the Tank Engine. The Thomas engine visits various historic railroads across the United States allowing visitors to play games, meet Sir Topham Hatt and to ride on a passenger car pulled by the engine. HIT Entertainment sponsors the event to promote the Thomas and Friends brand.

Thomas in Amusement Parks

In the 2007 summer Six Flags season, a Thomas and Friends attraction opened at Six Flags Discovery Kingdom (Formerly Six Flags Marine World) in Vallejo, CA and at Six Flags New England in Springfield, Massachusetts. "Thomas Town"s were also opened at Six Flags Magic Mountain in Los Angeles Californa and in Six Flags Over Georgia in Atlanta Georgia.

On 15 March 2008 Drayton Manor in the UK opened their own Thomas Land just like Japan's Amusement Park which attracts 1.7 million fans every year.

Thomas the Tank Engine Live

This section does not cite any references or sources. (April 2008) Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unverifiable material may be challenged and removed.

• Thomas and Friends The Big Live Tour (2002 - 2003)

• Thomas and Friends The All Aboard Live Tour (2004)

• Thomas and Friends 60th Anniversary Party (2005)

• Thomas and Friends The All Aboard Live Tour (2006)

• Thomas and Friends Live On Stage (2007-2008)

• Thomas & Friends Live At Dutch Wonderland (2008)

References

See also

• List of Thomas & Friends Songs
• Shining Time Station
• TUGS

External links

• Official Thomas and Friends website
• Awdry Family Site
• Thomas the Tank Engine and Friends at the Internet Movie Database
• Thomas showtimes and info on Fancast