Template:Infobox silicon
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14 aluminium ← silicon → phosphorus C ↑ Si ↓ Ge Periodic table - Extended periodic table
General
Name, symbol, number	silicon, Si, 14
Chemical series	metalloids
Group, period, block	14, 3, p
Appearance	As broken ingot: crystalline with dark reflective bluish-tinged faces
Standard atomic weight	28.0855(3) g·mol−1
Electron configuration	Ne 3s2 3p2
Electrons per shell	2, 8, 4
Physical properties
Phase	solid
Density (near r.t.)	2.33 g·cm−3
Liquid density at m.p.	2.57 g·cm−3
Melting point	1687 K (1420 °C, 2577 °F)
Boiling point	3538 K (3265 °C, 5909 °F)
Heat of fusion	50.21 kJ·mol−1
Heat of vaporization	359 kJ·mol−1
Specific heat capacity	(25 °C) 19.789 J·mol−1·K−1
Vapor pressure P/Pa 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k at T/K 1908 2102 2339 2636 3021 3537
Atomic properties
Crystal structure	Diamond cubic
Oxidation states	4, 3 [1], 2 [2], 1 [3] (amphoteric oxide)
Electronegativity	1.90 (Pauling scale)
Ionization energies (more)	1st: 786.5 kJ·mol−1
	2nd: 1577.1 kJ·mol−1
	3rd: 3231.6 kJ·mol−1
Atomic radius	117.6 pm
Atomic radius (calc.)	111 pm
Covalent radius	111 pm
Van der Waals radius	210 pm
Miscellaneous
Magnetic ordering	nonmagnetic
Thermal conductivity	(300 K) 149 W·m−1·K−1
Thermal expansion	(25 °C) 2.6 µm·m−1·K−1
Speed of sound (thin rod)	(20 °C) 8433 m/s
Young's modulus	150 GPa
Bulk modulus	100 GPa
Mohs hardness	7
CAS registry number	7440-21-3
Band gap energy at 300 K	1.12 eV
Selected isotopes
Main article: Isotopes of silicon iso NA half-life DM DE (MeV) DP 28Si 92.23% 28Si is stable with 14 neutrons 29Si 4.67% 29Si is stable with 15 neutrons 30Si 3.1% 30Si is stable with 16 neutrons 32Si syn 170 y β- 13.020 32P
References
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