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Origins
One study has identified the name "tanbūr" as being derived from pandur, a Sumerian term for long-necked lutes.[2] Lutes have been present in Mesopotamia since the Akkadian era, or the third millennium BCE.[1] Al-Farabi described a Baghdad tunbūr, distributed south and west of Baghdad, and a Khorasan tunbūr found in Persia.[1] This distinction may be the source of modern differentiation between Arabic instruments, derived from the Baghdad tunbūr, and those found in northern Iraq, Syria, Iran and Turkey, from the Khorasan tunbūr.[1]
Instruments
According to the New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, "terminology presents a complicated situation. Nowadays the term tanbur (or tambur) is applied to a variety of distinct and related long-necked lutes used in art and folk traditions. Similar or identical instruments are also known by other terms:"[1]
- The saz (Persian: "instrument") is found in the Caucasus, Turkey, northern Syria, western Iraq and Southeast Europe.[1] Another name is tambura, but it also refers to an Indian fretless drone lute.[1]
- In Turkey, the terms bağlama and saz both refer to a long-necked lute used in folk music.[1]
- The Turkish tanbur is a larger variant used in art music.[1]
- The yaylı tanbur variant is played with a bow instead of a plectrum.
- The tembûr is a Kurdish tanbur associated with the Ahl-e Haqq sect.[1][3]
- The buzuq is an instrument found in urban areas such as Baghdad, Damascus, and Beirut.[1]
- Until the early twentieth century, the names chambar and jumbush were applied to instruments in northern Iraq.[1]
- The dutar and setar, found in Iran and Central Asia, are derived from the Khorosan tunbūr.[1]
Related terms can refer to string instruments that are not long-necked, fretted lutes:[1]
- The tambura, a fretless drone lute found in India.[1]
- The tanbura, a bowl lyre found in Iraq, Egypt, and the Sudan.[1]
See also
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Scheherezade Qassim Hassan, R. Conway Morris, John Baily, Jean During. "Tanbūr", The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed. S. Sadie and J. Tyrrell (London: Macmillan, 2001), xxv, pp. 61-62.
- ^ Erkut, Cumhur; T. Tolonen, M. Karjalainen, and V. Välimäki (July 1999). "Acoustical Analysis of Tanbur, a Turkish long-necked lute" (PDF) in Sixth International Congress on Sound and Vibration. Proceedings of the Sixth International Congress on Sound and Vibration vol. 1: pp. 345-352. Retrieved on 2007-06-30.
- ^ Shiloah, Amnon. "Kurdish music", The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed. S. Sadie and J. Tyrrell (London: Macmillan, 2001), xiv, p. 40.
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