Sparkling cider
This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Sparkling_cider".

For the alcoholic beverage known in the U.S. as hard apple cider, see cider.

American-style apple cider, left; Apple juice, right.

Apple cider is the name used especially in the United States and parts of Canada for a non-alcoholic beverage produced from apples by a process of pressing. It is more sour and cloudy than conventional apple juice, retaining the tart flavor of the apple pulp which is lost in conventional fruit juice production.

Cider is frequently served in autumn^{citation needed}, corresponding with the harvest season, and is a popular traditional beverage on Halloween and Thanksgiving, sometimes heated if the weather is especially cold.

Production

Apple cider was (like other forms of cider) traditionally fermented, but that alcoholic apple drink is now referred to in the United States as hard cider. Today in the U.S., and in Canada to some extent, apple cider is a nonalcoholic beverage: a subcategory of apple juice traditionally made from early-harvest apples which have a lower sugar content and are more acidic. Thus, cider has a more tart, tangy taste than apple juice. It is generally, though not always, unfiltered, giving it a somewhat cloudier appearance from suspended solids.

Pasteurization

According to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, as of 1999, 98% of all fruit and vegetable juice sold in the U.S. was pasteurized,^[1] but unpasteurized fruit juices in general, and unpasteurized apple cider in particular, were linked to approximately 16,000 to 48,000 cases of foodborne illnesses per year, including outbreaks of salmonellosis, enterohemorrhagic E. coli infections, cryptosporidiosis, cholera, and other serious illnesses.^[2]

Consequently, in 2001, the FDA issued a rule requiring that virtually all fruit and vegetable juice producers follow HACCP controls, using either heat pasteurization, ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI) or other proven methods.^[3] As a result, all apple cider sold in the United States, other than sales directly to consumers by producers (such as juice bars), must be produced using HACCP principles to achieve a 100,000 fold reduction in pathogens.^[3] While the use of UVGI treatment or other technologies meet legal requirements, heat pasteurization is the most commonly used method.^[4]

Today, unpasteurized cider is generally sold only on-site at small orchards. Some seek unpasteurized juice based on the common but disputed belief that less-processed products are healthier.^[1]

Variations

Unpasteurized Massachusetts cider.

Apple ciders are often made from blends of several different apples to give a balanced taste. There is some local competitiveness among cider mills in apple country for the highest quality blends. Cider doughnuts are often sold at cider mills and contain cider in the batter. Visiting apple orchards in the fall for cider, doughnuts and you-pick apples is a large segment in U.S. agritourism.^{citation needed}

Hot apple cider or mulled cider (similar to "Wassail") is a popular fall (autumn) and winter beverage^[5], consisting of apple cider, heated to a temperature just below boiling, with cinnamon, orange peel, nutmeg, cloves, or other spices added.

Sparkling cider is a carbonated nonalcoholic beverage made from filtered apple cider. It is sometimes served at celebrations as a non-alcoholic alternative to champagne.

American definition

In the United States, the distinction between apple juice and cider is not legally well established.^[6]

References

1. ^ ^{a b} USDA Food Safety "New Juice Regulations Underway"
2. ^ New York Times, October 11, 1998 "Those Quaint Apple Cider Stands Meet Up With the Long Arm of the Law" Accessed: 15 October, 2007
3. ^ ^{a b} Federal Register: January 19, 2001, HHS/FDA "21 CFR Part 120 Final Rule"
4. ^ HACCP — "Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point: Juice HACCP"
5. ^ "Warm Up With Mulled Wine & Cider". Allrecipes.
6. ^ The Straight Dope: What's the difference between apple juice and apple cider?