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Usage
An example of a self-referential situation is the one of autopoiesis, as the logical organization produces itself the physical structure which creates itself.
In metaphysics, self-reference is subjectivity, while "hetero-reference", as it is called (see Niklas Luhmann), is objectivity.
Self-reference also occurs in literature when an author refers to his work in the context of the work itself. Famous examples include Cervantes's Don Quixote, Denis Diderot's Jacques le fataliste et son maître, Italo Calvino's If on a winter's night a traveler, many stories by Nikolai Gogol, Lost in the Funhouse by John Barth, and Luigi Pirandello's Six Characters in Search of an Author. This is closely related to the concepts of breaking the fourth wall and meta-reference, which often involve self-reference.
The surrealistic painter René Magritte is famous for his self-referential works. His painting The Treachery of Images, shown at right, includes words claiming, in French, it is not a pipe, the truth of which depend entirely on what the word "ceci" (in English, "this") is taken to refer to. Is it the pipe depicted—or is it the painting, or even the sentence itself?
Self-reference is also employed in tautology and in licensed terminology. When a word defines itself (e.g., "Machine: any objects put together mechanically"), the result is a tautology. Such self-references can be quite complex, include full propositions rather than simple words, and produce arguments and terms that require license (accepting them as proof of themselves).
In computer science, self-reference occurs in reflection, where a program can read or modify its own instructions as if they were data. Numerous programming languages support reflection to some extent with varying degrees of expressiveness. Additionally, self-reference is seen in recursion (related to the mathematical recurrence relation), where a code structure refers back to itself during computation.
Examples
Many of the following examples appear in Douglas Hofstadter's Gödel, Escher, Bach: an Eternal Golden Braid, Metamagical Themas, or I Am a Strange Loop.
Words
A word that describes itself is called an autological word. This generally applies to adjectives, but can also apply to other parts of speech, such as TLA, as an acronym for Three-letter acronym.
See: Appendix:Autological words and Category:Autological words.
Mathematics
Sentences
- "Yields falsehood when preceded by its quotation" yields falsehood when preceded by its quotation. (This is a version of the liar paradox, an example of indirect self-reference through a quine, which leads to a paradox.)
- Russell's paradox: The set of all sets which are not elements of themselves (which includes, and therefore does not, and therefore does include itself)
The Fumblerules
Fumblerules state rules of good grammar and writing through sentences that violate those very rules. George L. Trigg and William Safire have made their own lists, but anyone knowledgeable on grammar can do the same.
Literature
- "beware: do not read this poem" by Ishmael Reed - "the hunger of this poem is legendary, it has taken in many victims"
- The Monster at the End of This Book references itself in the title, as well as throughout the story.
- Steal This Book by Abbie Hoffman
- The Cat Who Walks Through Walls by Robert A. Heinlein considers the universe (multiverse) as an author-manipulated object including the plot in the book itself.
- Sophie's World by Jostein Gaarder, in which the titular character realizes she is the character of a book.
- The Neverending Story by Michael Ende uses self-reference of the book prominently, when a character (Atreyu) of a story within the story (also called 'Neverending Story') finds a book called the same, and it is the same book the reader is reading.
Other
- Self-enumerating pangrams
- Article 52 of the Irish Constitution has prohibited publication of Article 52 in official texts since 1938 despite continuing to have the force of law.
- RFC 2119 dictates the use of key words describing requirement levels — such as "must", "should" and "may" — in RFCs. The abstract of the RFC states that the key words are to be interpreted as described in the RFC.
- Don't Download This Song by "Weird Al" Yankovic
- Steal This Album! by System of a Down
- Steal This Album by The Coup
- Stigler's law of eponymy is itself an instance of Stigler's law of eponymy
- referring to oneself in third person narrative
See also
References
- Hofstadter, D. R. (1980). Gödel, Escher, Bach: an Eternal Golden Braid. New York, Vintage Books.
- Raymond Smullyan (1994), Diagonalization and Self-Reference, Oxford Science Publications, ISBN 0-19-853450-7
External links
- The Paradox of Self-Amendment: A Study of Logic, Law, Omnipotence, and Change, by Peter Suber (Peter Lang Publishing, 1990). A book-length study of self-reference in law. (The book is OP but the full text is free online.)
- Self-Referential Aptitude Test, by Jim Propp
- Self-reference and apparent self-reference
- "Elegancelessness" A collection of self-references by Paul Niquette
- Self-Referential Story, from the Internet Oracularities #1353
- Self-reference jokes
- Self-Reference in ``Self-Reference in `Self-Reference in ...'", a review of a review of a review of ...
