Self-recognition
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The mirror test is a measure of self-awareness developed by Gordon Gallup Jr. in 1970.¹ The test gauges self-awareness by determining whether an animal can recognize its own reflection in a mirror as an image of itself. This is accomplished by surreptitiously marking the animal with two odourless dye spots. The test spot is on a part of the animal that would be visible in front of a mirror, while the control spot is in an accessible but hidden part of the animal's body. Scientists observe whether the animal reacts in a manner consistent with it being aware that the test dye is located on its own body while ignoring the control dye. Such behaviour might include turning and adjusting of the body in order to better view the marking in the mirror, or poking at the marking on its own body with a limb while viewing the mirror.

Animals which pass the mirror test

A dog's reaction to a mirror.

Animals that have passed the mirror test are all of the great apes (bonobos, chimpanzees, orangutans, gorillas, and humans), bottlenose dolphins, killer whales, elephants, and European Magpies². Initially, it was thought that gorillas do not pass the test, but there are now several well-documented reports (such as one gorilla, Koko³ ) of gorillas passing the test.^{citation needed} In 1981, Epstein, Lanza and Skinner published a paper in the journal Science in which they argued that the pigeon also passes the mirror test.⁴⁵ Humans tend to fail this test until they are about 18 months old, or the "mirror stage".⁶ Dogs, cats and 1 year old children, for example, usually react to a mirror in fear or curiosity, or simply ignore it, while birds often attack their own reflections.⁷

Capuchin monkeys react to their reflection either with hostility or affection but there is no conclusive evidence that they recognize themselves in the mirror as opposed to believing their reflection is another capuchin monkey.

Criticism

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There is some debate in the scientific community as to the value and interpretation of results of the mirror test. While this test has been extensively conducted on primates, there is also debate as to the value of the test as applied to animals who rely primarily on senses other than vision, such as dogs. As dogs have very poor visual resolution and acuity with red/green color blindness, they have little chance of recognizing themselves or a dot (commonly red) in a mirror. However, dogs do recognize their own scent invariably with 40x more neurons than humans dedicated to processing smell. The key point being that the mirror test is only a measure of ability closely matching humans, not a statement of consciousness, as is popularly believed. Additionally, as mentioned with gorillas, many animals may regard eye contact as a threatening gesture, so the application of the mirror test is unclear. Some mammalian species do not have stereoscopic vision, including rabbits and deer, which may be a factor in determining the value of the test.

See also

• Cognitive tests

References

1. ^ American Psychologist May 1977
2. ^ Prior, Schwarz, and Güntürkün, Helmut, Ariane, and Onur (2008). "Mirror-Induced Behavior in the Magpie (Pica pica): Evidence of Self-Recognition". PLoS Biology (Public Library of Science). doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0060202, http://biology.plosjournals.org/archive/1545-7885/6/8/pdf/10.1371_journal.pbio.0060202-L.pdf. Retrieved on 21 August 2008. 
3. ^ Francine Patterson and Wendy Gordon The Case for Personhood of Gorillas. In The Great Ape Project, ed. Paola Cavalieri and Peter Singer, St. Martin's Griffin, 1993, pp. 58-77.
4. ^ Epstein, Lanza, & Skinner (1981), “Self-awareness” in the pigeon, Science 212:695-696
5. ^ http://ww2.lafayette.edu/~allanr/selfaware.mpg is video of one such test
6. ^ "Consciousness and the Symbolic Universe"
7. ^ "Birds attacking windows"

External links

• The World First Self-Aware Robot and the Success of Mirror Image Cognition (Lecture at the Karlsruhe University and the Munich University, Germany), 8-Nov.-2006.
• Elephants pass mirror test (The Guardian)
• Elephants' jumbo mirror ability (BBC News)
• Elephant study published in Proceedings of National Academy of Sciences, USA
• Elephants see themselves in the mirror (Newscientist.com with video)
• Can a Robot pass the Mirror Test? (www.Conscious-Robots.com)
• Can humans really pass the Mirror Test? (www.break.com)