Road roller
This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Road_roller".

John Deere roller being used to compact the ground before placing concrete

An old diesel road roller

A road roller (sometimes called a roller-compactor, or just roller) is a compactor type engineering vehicle used to compact soil, gravel, concrete, or asphalt in the construction of roads and foundations.

In some parts of the world, road rollers are still known colloquially as steam rollers, regardless of their method of propulsion. This typically only applies to the largest examples (used for road-making).

History

Horse-drawn road roller from 1800

Steam-powered roller

Zettelmeyer diesel road roller

The first road rollers were horse-drawn, and were probably just borrowed farm implements (see roller (agricultural tool)).

Main article: steamroller

Since the effectiveness of a roller depends to a large extent on its weight, self-powered vehicles replaced horse-drawn rollers from the mid 1800s. The first such vehicles were steam rollers. Double-cylinder designs were preferred. Single-cylinder steam rollers were uncommon and unpopular, as the power impulses from the steam engine would produce slight waves in the road. Some road companies in the United States used steamrollers through the 1950s, and in the UK, some remained in commercial service until the early 1970s.

As internal combustion engine technology improved during the 20th century, kerosene-, gasoline- (petrol), and diesel-powered rollers gradually replaced their steam-powered counterparts. The first internal-combustion powered road rollers were very similar to the steam rollers they replaced. They used similar mechanisms to transmit power from the engine to the wheels, typically large, exposed spur gears. Some companies did not like them in their infancy, as the engines of the era were typically difficult to start, particularly the kerosene-powered ones.

Virtually all road rollers in commercial use now use diesel power.

Uses

Road rollers use the weight of the vehicle to compress the surface being rolled. Initial compaction of the substrate is done using a pneumatic-tyred roller, with two rows (front and back) of pneumatic tyres. The flexibility of the tyres, with a certain amount of vertical movement of the wheels, enables the roller to operate effectively on uneven ground. The finish is done using metal-drum rollers to ensure a smooth, even result.

Rollers are also used in landfill compaction. Such compactors typically have knobbed ('sheeps-foot') wheels, and do not achieve a smooth surface. The knobs aid in compression due to the smaller area contacting the ground.

Configurations

The roller can be a simple drum with a handle that is operated by one man, and weighs 100 pounds, or as large as a ride-on road roller weighing 21 short tons (44,000 lb or 20 tonnes) and costing more than US$150,000. A landfill unit can weigh 59 short tons (54 tonnes). On some machines the drums may be filled with water.

Roller Types

• Manual walk-behind
• Powered walk-behind (electric or diesel/gas powered)
• Trench roller (manual units or radio-frequency remote control)
• Ride-on
• Ride-on with knock-down bar
• Ride-on articulating-swivel
• Vibratory
• Pneumatic-tyre
• Tractor mounted and powered (this may be a 'one-off' – see gallery picture below)

Powered, vibrating walk-behind	Ride-on with articulating-swivel (small machine)	Ride-on with articulating-swivel (large machine)	Vibrating Dynapac CC232
A Caterpillar CS-533E vibratory roller.	Pneumatic roller for initial compaction	A road-roller powered by a tractor mounted on it from rural India	Road roller, museum, Tenterfield, NSW

Drum types

Drums come in various widths: 24-to-84 inches

• Single-drum sheeps/pad-foot (soil)
• Single-drum smooth (asphalt)
• Double-drum (duplex) sheeps/pad-foot (soil)
• Double-drum (duplex) smooth (asphalt)
• 3-wheel cleat with bulldozing blade (landfills)

Variations and features

• On some machines, the drums may be filled with water on site to achieve the desired weight. When empty, the lighter machine is easier and cheaper to transport between worksites.
• Additional compaction may be achieved by vibrating the roller drums
• Water lubrication may be provided to the drum surface to avoid hot asphalt (for example) sticking to the drum
• Hydraulic transmission permits greater design flexibility (early examples were direct mechanical drive) and reduces the number of moving parts exposed to contamination.
• Human-propelled rollers may only have a single roller drum
• Self-propelled rollers may have two drums, mounted one in front of the other (format known as 'duplex'), or three rolls, or just one, with the back rollers replaced with treaded pneumatic tyres for increased traction

Manufacturers

• Aveling-Barford
• Bomag
• Case CE
• Caterpillar
• CMI-Terex
• Dynapac (= Atlas Copco)
• Galion
• Hamm
• HYPAC
• Ingersoll Rand
• Ingram Compaction
• Lebrero
• Mikasa
• Multiquip/Rammax
• Stone Equipment
• SuperPac
• Vibromax
• Yto

Road rollers in popular culture

In fiction – as a character

Roley is one of the main vehicle characters in the children's books and TV series, Bob the Builder. He is a green roller with a cab, enclosed power unit and no chimney, and so is obviously diesel-powered – nevertheless, his official title is Roley the Steamroller. This is an example of the persistence of 'steam roller' to describe a large modern road roller in layman's English.

On film – as a weapon

Film-makers seem to like the finality of a roller of some kind squashing a human. In most cases, however, the roller is not actually steam-powered, even though it is usually referred to as such. In all of the following examples, the rollers cited are diesel-powered.

• In The Naked Gun, the villain is run over first by a bus, then a 'steam roller' and finally a marching band.

• In Who Framed Roger Rabbit the true identity of the villain is revealed after he is run over by a 'steam roller'.

• At the end of A Fish Called Wanda, Ken (Michael Palin) gets his revenge on Otto (Kevin Kline) at Heathrow Airport, in a scene involving a small diesel roller and some wet concrete.

• In Austin Powers: International Man of Mystery, a security guard is run over (in extremely slow motion) by a road roller.

• In Maximum Overdrive, a Little League player is killed by a "rebelling" 'steam roller'.

In fiction – as a weapon

In the Japanese manga JoJo's Bizarre Adventure, the villain Dio Brando attempts to finish off his rival Jotaro by dropping a road roller (sometimes translated as 'steam roller') on him from midair.

A similar attack is able to be used by Homer Simpson in MUGEN, whereas Homer flies into the air and attempts to drop on top of his enemy with a road roller. If successful, he does his trademark "Woohoo!!", then slams on the roller several times with his butt, then once with his elbow, doing extreme damage. It can only be used when Homer is drunk, and can be switched to unexpectedly by means of a dreamcancel, which is performed by inputting the attack command while another special attack is in use. (Homer Simpson character can be obtained at sendspace.com[1]. MUGEN program itself and extra resources and characters can be found at RandomSelect website[2].)

See also

• Steam roller - the first powered road rollers
• Roller (agricultural tool) - for farm rollers
• Roller (disambiguation) - for other types of roller
• Landfill compaction vehicle

External links

• Road Roller Association – UK-based society dedicated to the preservation of steam (and motor) rollers and ancillary road-making equipment.