Ring of integers
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In mathematics, the ring of integers is the set of integers made an algebraic structure Z with the operations of integer addition, negation, and multiplication. It is a commutative ring, and is the prototypical such by virtue of satisfying only those equations holding of all commutative rings with identity; indeed it is the initial commutative ring, as well as being the initial ring.

More generally the ring of integers of an algebraic number field K, often denoted by O_K, is the ring of algebraic integers contained in K.

Using this notation, we can write Z = O_Q since Z as above is the ring of integers of the field Q of rational numbers. And indeed, in algebraic number theory the elements of Z are often called the "rational integers" because of this.

An alternative term is maximal order, since the ring of integers of a number field is indeed the unique maximal order in the field.

The ring of integers O_K is a Z-module; what is not nearly so obvious is that it is a free Z-module, and thus has an integral basis; by this we mean that there exist b₁,...,b_n ∈ O_K (the integral basis) such that each element x in O_K can uniquely be represented as

with a_i ∈ Z.

Examples

If ζ is a pth root of unity and K=Q(ζ) is the corresponding cyclotomic field, then an integral basis of O_K is given by (1,ζ,ζ²,...,ζ^p-2).

If d is a square-free integer and K=Q(d^1/2) is the corresponding quadratic field, then an integral basis of O_K is given by (1,(1+d^1/2)/2) if d≡1 (mod 4) and by (1,d^1/2) if d≡2 or 3 (mod 4).

References

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