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Small arms
- Further information: rifle
Artillery
The muzzle-loading rifle was introduced into service in ships of the Royal Navy, after some experimentation with alternative armament systems, after the failure of the Armstrong 100-pounder breech-loaders which were installed in 1860.
Until the middle of the nineteenth century Royal Navy warships had been armed with progressively larger smoothbore muzzle loading cannon. These had by then approached their limit in terms of armour penetration, range and destructive power. It was known that rifled ordnance provided more accuracy, a greater range and more penetrative power, which was the rationale behind the development and on-board shipping of the breech-loading cannon developed by the company owned by Sir William Armstrong. These weapons, however, were found to be dangerously prone to failure, frequently explosively, and an alternative type of armament became urgently necessary.
An initial attempt at an alternative was the 100-pounder smoothbore Somerset cannon, which, while it was an improvement over previous smoothbore guns of lesser calibre, could not penetrate armour of thicknesses currently being shipped by British or foreign battleships.
The type of gun finally adopted was a muzzle-loading weapon which fired projectiles with external studs which engaged with the rifling. This system was named the "Woolwich" system; while it was possible with this system to fire shells at a higher muzzle velocity, and therefore with greater penetrative power, than before, the studs tended to shear, there was excessive wear of the gun liner, and the shells tended to wobble in flight. Furthermore, the muzzle velocity obtainable in these guns was no more than half of that obtained in interrupted screw breeched guns of the following century. There were several reasons for this: the shell could not be made to fit too closely into the bore of the gun, as it would not have been possible to ram it home; the velocity of a shell depends, among other factors, on the length of the gun barrel, and the need to load through the muzzle necessitated a short barrel so as to make the muzzle accessible to the loaders; later types of explosive were superior; and metallugical techniques improved to allow a higher initial pressure in the breech of the gun.
Rifled muzzle loaders
Rifled muzzle loader (RMLs) are artillery pieces of muzzle-loading rifle format, invented in the mid 19th century. In contrast to smooth bore cannon which preceded it, the rifling of the gun barrel allowed much greater accuracy and penetration as the spin induced to the shell gave it directional stability. Typical guns weighed 30 tonnes with 10" diameter muzzles, and were installed in forts and ships.
This new gun and the rifled breech loader generated a huge arms race in the late 19th century, with rapid advances in fortifications and ironclad warships.
In the British navy, many smaller 64-pounder smoothbore guns were converted to rifled weapons: the converted guns were called RMLs, whilst weapons manufactured with rifling were termed muzzle loading rifles.[1] This distinction did not survive with the larger calibres, which were generally all called RMLs.
Many artillery pieces were converted from older smooth bore weapons once technical problems in strengthening the original cast iron body had been overcome. The widely adopted solution, invented in 1863 by William Palliser, consisted of enlarging the bore to accept a wrought iron tube (called the A tube) into which the rifling had been cut. The A tube was closed at the breech end by a wrought iron cup screwed into it. Iron was removed from the outside of the original gun barrel near to the muzzle so that a cast iron collar could be screwed over it and provide a shoulder at the muzzle to hold the A tube in place. The A tube was also held by a plug screwed into the gun underneath its trunions. The outside of the breech portion was turned on a lathe so that another wrought iron tube, called the B tube, could be slid over it to strengthen it.
Aboard ships
The largest RML carried on a warship was the 17.7 inch, 100 ton Elswick of the 1870s, four of which were installed in each of the Italian battleships Duilio and Dandalo (launched in 1872). The Royal Navy at the time was restricted to the weapons produced by Woolwich Arsenal, so that the heaviest guns that could be shipped were the 80 ton 16 inch guns of HMS Inflexible.
During this period rapid burning black powder was used as the propellant, so the guns had a stubby, 'soda bottle' shape giving easy access to either end for loading. The RBLs of the time were notably weaker in the breach region, and more prone to failure.
A catastrophic accident on board HMS Thunderer in January 1879, in which a 38 ton 12 inch muzzle loader hung fire and was subsequently double-loaded, motivated the Admiralty to re-consider the RBL.
Improvements in breech mechanisms in the period 1860 to 1880, together with the introduction of large grain powder, caused the Navy to re-adopt the RBL as the new powder required longer barrels which could not be withdrawn into the turret for loading. A new 12-inch gun was developed for HMS Edinburgh in 1879, but burst during trials. Following modifications the new weapon proved reliable.
References
- ^ "Portsdown Artillery Volunteers - The 64pr. R.M.L.". Retrieved on 2007-04-10.
Further reading
- Dr Oscar Parkes. British Battleships. London: Seeley, Service & Co, 1973.
