Psychedelic plants
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Salvia divinorum, a psychedelic sage

Psychedelic plants are plants that contain psychedelic drugs. Some of them have been used for thousands of years for religious purposes.

Cannabis

Cannabis plant

Main article: Cannabis (drug)

Cannabis (Marijuana) is a popular psychedelic plant. Cannabis is also unique in that it contains a psychedelic substance, THC, which contains no nitrogen and is not an indole, phenethylamine, anticholinergic (deliriant), or a disassociative drug. It is the weakest of the psychedelics but can produce vivid illusions at higher doses, similar to a low dose of a classic psychedelic such as psilocybin or LSD. Currently, certain universities and research firms are studying the medicinal effects of cannabis. Many US states such as California and many countries have created a Medical Cannabis law to allow patients to use cannabis as (among other things) a pain killer and appetite stimulant.

Plants containing psychedelic tryptamines

DMT Molecule in 2D

DMT Molecule in 3D

Many of the psychedelic plants contain dimethyltryptamine (DMT), which is either snorted (Virola, Yopo snuffs), smoked, or drunk with MAOIs (Ayahuasca). It can not simply be eaten, and it needs to be extremely concentrated to be smokable, since the user needs to smoke all of it in a minute or else tolerance builds rapidly.

Acanthaceae:

• Fittonia albivenis, a common ornamental plant from South America. The plant has unknown compounds, that reportedly cause "visions of eyeballs." It is also useful in the treatment of headaches, etc.
• Justicia pectoralis, DMT in leaves^[1]

Aceraceae:

• Acer saccharinum (Silver Maple Tree) was found to contain the indole alkaloid gramine (not active and extremely toxic) 0.05% in the leaves, so it is possible that other members of this plant family contain active compounds.^[2]

Aizoaceae:

Delosperma acuminatum	DMT, 5-MEO-DMT[3]
Delosperma cooperi	DMT, 5-MEO-DMT[3]
Delosperma ecklonis	DMT[3]
Delosperma esterhuyseniae	DMT[3]
Delosperma hallii	5-MEO-DMT[3]
Delosperma harazianum	DMT, 5-MEO-DMT[3]
Delosperma harazianum Shibam	DMT[3]
Delosperma hirtum	DMT[3]
Delosperma hallii aff. litorale
Delosperma lydenbergense	DMT, 5-MEO-DMT[3]
Delosperma nubigenum	5-MEO-DMT[3]
Delosperma pageanum	DMT, 5-MEO-DMT[3]
Delosperma pergamentaceum	Traces of DMT[3]
Delosperma tradescantioides	DMT[3]

Apocynaceae family:

• Prestonia amazonica: DMT^[4]

• Voacanga africana: Iboga alkaloids

Fabaceae family (Leguminosae):

Caesalpinioideae (subfamily of Fabaceae) :

• Petalostylis cassioides: 0.4-0.5% tryptamine, DMT, etc. in leaves and stems^[5]
• Petalostylis labicheoides, Tryptamines in leaves and stems, MAO's up to 0.5%^[6]

Acacia acuminata	Up to 1.5% alkaloids, mainly consisting of tryptamine in leaf[7]
Acacia alpina	Active principles in leaf[8]
Acacia angustissima	β-methyl-phenethylamine[9], NMT and DMT in leaf (1.1-10.2 ppm)[10]
Acacia aroma	Tryptamine alkaloids.[11] Significant amount of tryptamine in the seeds.[12]
Acacia auriculiformis	5-MeO-DMT in stem bark[13]
Acacia baileyana	0.02% tryptamine and β-carbolines, in the leaf, Tetrahydroharman[8][14][15]
Acacia beauverdiana	Psychoactive[16] Ash used in Pituri.[17]
Acacia berlandieri	DMT, amphetamines, mescaline, nicotine[18]
Acacia catechu	DMT[3] and other tryptamines in leaf, bark
Acacia caven	Psychoactive[19]
Acacia chundra	DMT and other tryptamines in leaf, bark
Acacia colei	DMT[20]
Acacia complanata	0.3% alkaloids in leaf and stem, almost all N-methyl-tetrahydroharman, with traces of tetrahydroharman, some of tryptamine[21][22][23]
Acacia confusa	DMT & NMT in leaf, stem & bark 0.04% NMT and 0.02% DMT in stem.[8] Also N,N-dimethyltryptamine N-oxide[24]
Acacia cornigera	Psychoactive,[19] Tryptamines[25]
Acacia cultriformis	Tryptamine, in the leaf, stem[8] and seeds.[12] Phenethylamine in leaf and seeds[12]
Acacia cuthbertsonii	Psychoactive[16]
Acacia decurrens	Psychoactive,[19] but less than 0.02% alkaloids[15]
Acacia delibrata	Psychoactive[16]
Acacia falcata	Psychoactive,[16] but less than 0.02% alkaloids[15]
Acacia farnesiana	Traces of 5-MeO-DMT[26] in fruit. β-methyl-phenethylamine, flower.[27] Ether extracts about 2-6% of the dried leaf mass.[28] Alkaloids are present in the bark[29] and leaves.[30] Amphetamines and mescaline also found in tree.[25]
Acacia floribunda	Tryptamine, phenethylamine,[31] in flowers[12] other tryptamines,[32] phenethylamines[33]
Acacia georginae	Psychoactive,[19] plus deadly toxins
Acacia horrida	Psychoactive[19]
Acacia implexa	Psychoactive[34]
Acacia jurema	DMT, NMT
Acacia karroo	Psychoactive
Acacia laeta	DMT, in the leaf[8]
Acacia longifolia	0.2% tryptamine in bark, leaves, some in flowers, phenylethylamine in flowers,[31] 0.2% DMT in plant.[35] Histamine alkaloids.[15]
Acacia longifolia var. sophorae	Tryptamine in leaves, bark[12]
Acacia macradenia	Tryptamine[12]
Acacia maidenii	0.6% NMT and DMT in about a 2:3 ratio in the stem bark, both present in leaves[8]
Acacia mangium	Psychoactive[19]
Acacia melanoxylon	DMT, in the bark and leaf,[36] but less than 0.02% total alkaloids[15]
Acacia mellifera	DMT, in the leaf[8]
Acacia nilotica	DMT, in the leaf[8]
Acacia nilotica subsp. adstringens	Psychoactive, DMT in the leaf
Acacia obtusifolia	Tryptamine,[32] DMT, NMT, other tryptamines,[34] 0.4-0.5% in dried bark, 0.07% in branch tips.[37]
Acacia oerfota	Less than 0.1% DMT in leaf,[38][14] NMT
Acacia penninervis	Psychoactive[16]
Acacia phlebophylla	0.3% DMT in leaf, NMT[8]
Acacia podalyriaefolia	Tryptamine in the leaf,[8] 0.5% to 2% DMT in fresh bark, phenethylamine, trace amounts[31]
Acacia polyacantha	DMT in leaf[8] and other tryptamines in leaf, bark
Acacia polyacantha ssp. campylacantha	Less than 0.2% DMT in leaf, NMT; DMT and other tryptamines in leaf, bark[39]
Acacia rigidula	DMT, NMT, tryptamine, traces of amphetamines, mescaline, nicotine and others[40]
Acacia sassa	Psychoactive[19]
Acacia schaffneri	β-methyl-phenethylamine, Phenethylamine[41] Amphetamines and mescaline also found.[25]
Acacia senegal	Less than 0.1% DMT in leaf,[8] NMT, other tryptamines. DMT in plant,[27] DMT in bark.[12]
Acacia sieberiana	DMT, in the leaf[8]
Acacia simplex	DMT and NMT, in the leaf, stem and trunk bark, 0.81% DMT in bark, MMT[42][8]
Acacia tortilis	DMT, NMT, and other tryptamines[34]
Acacia vestita	Tryptamine, in the leaf and stem,[8] but less than 0.02% total alkaloids[15]
Acacia victoriae	Tryptamines[32], 5-MeO-alkyltryptamine[12]

List of Acacia Species Having Little or No Alkaloids in the Material Sampled:^[15]

0% C 0.02%, C...Concentration of Alkaloids [%]

• Albizia inundata leaves contain DMT.^[19]

Anadenanthera colubrina	Bufotenin, Beans[43][44] Bufotenin oxide, Beans[43] N,N-Dimethyltryptamine, Beans,[44][43] pods[43] N,N-Dimethyltryptamine oxide, Beans[43]
Anadenanthera colubrina var. cebil	Bufotenin and Dimethyltryptamine have been isolated from the seeds and seed pods, 5-MeO-DMT from the bark of the stems.[45] The seeds were found to contain 12.4% bufotenine, 0.06% 5-MeO-DMT and 0.06% DMT.[46]
Anadenanthera peregrina	1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-6-methoxy-2,9-dimethyl-beta-carboline, Plant[44] 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-6-methoxy-2-methyl-beta-carboline, Plant[44] 5-Methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine, Bark[44] 5-Methoxy-N-methyltryptamine, Bark[44] Bufotenin, Plant,[44] beans[43] Bufotenin N-oxide, Fruit[44], beans[43] N,N-Dimethyltryptamine-oxide, Fruit[44][47]
Anadenanthera peregrina var. peregrina	Bufotenine is in the seeds.[48]
Desmanthus illinoensis	0% - 0.34% DMT in root bark, highly variable.[49] Also NMT, N-hydroxy-N-methyltryptamine, 2-hydroxy-N-methyltryptamine, and gramine (toxic).[50]
Desmanthus leptolobus	0.14% DMT in root bark, more reliable than D. illinoensis[51]
Desmodium caudatum[52] (syn. Ohwia caudata )	Roots: 0.087% DMT,[53] Bufotenine-N-oxide 0.03%
Desmodium gangeticum	DMT, 5-MEO-DMT, whole plant, roots, stems, leaves[54]
Desmodium intortum	Bufotentine, DMT[55]
Codariocalyx motorius (syn. Desmodium gyrans)	DMT, 5-MEO-DMT, leaves, roots[54]
Desmodium racemosum	5-MEO-DMT[54]
Desmodium triflorum	0.0004% DMT-N-oxide, roots,[53] less in stems[53] and trace in leaves.[53]
Lespedeza capitata
Lespedeza bicolor	DMT, 5-MEO-DMT in leaves and roots[56]
Lespedeza bicolor var. japonica	DMT, 5-MEO-DMT in leaves and root bark[54]
Mimosa ophthalmocentra	Dried root: DMT 1.6%, NMT 0.0012% and hordenine 0.0065%[57]
Mimosa scabrella	Tryptamine, NMT, DMT and N-methyltetrahydrocarboline in bark[58]
Mimosa somnians	Trytamines and MMT
Mimosa tenuiflora (syn. "Mimosa hostilis")	0.31-0.57% DMT (dry root bark).[59]
Mimosa verrucosa	DMT[60] in root bark
Mucuna pruriens	"The leaves, seeds, stems and roots contain L-Dopa, Serotonin, 5-HTP, and Nicotine, as well as N,N-DMT, Bufotenine, and 5-MeO-DMT."[61]
Petalostylis casseoides	0.4-0.5% tryptamine, DMT, etc. in leaves and stems[56]
Petalostylis labicheoides var. casseoides	DMT in leaves and stems[54]
Phyllodium pulchellum (syn. Desmodium pulchellum)	0.2% 5-MeO-DMT, small quantities of DMT[56] DMT (dominates in seedlings and young plants), 5-MEO-DMT (dominates in mature plant), whole plant, roots, stems, leaves, flowers[54]

Family Fabaceae: Erythrina flabelliformis, other Erythrina species, seeds contain the alkaloids Erysodin and Erysovin^[62]

Lauraceae:

• Nectandra megapotamica, NMT^[6]

Malpighiaceae family:

• Diplopterys cabrerana: DMT 0.17-1.74%, average of 0.47% DMT^[63]

Myristicaceae (Nutmeg family):

• Horsfieldia superba: 5-MeO-DMT^[56] and beta-carbolines^[5]
• Iryanthera macrophylla: 5-MeO-DMT in bark^[56]
• Iryanthera ulei: 5-MeO-DMT in bark^[54]
• Osteophloem platyspermum: DMT, 5-MeO-DMT in bark^[54]

• Virola genus; for example:

Virola calophylla	Leaves 0.149% DMT, leaves 0.006% MMT[54] 5-MeO-DMT in bark[64]
Virola callophylloidea	DMT
Virola carinata	DMT in leaves[54]
Virola cuspidata	DMT[6]
Virola divergens	DMT in leaves[54]
Virola elongata (syn. Virola theiodora)	DMT, 5-MEO-DMT in bark, roots, leaves and flowers[54]
Virola melinonii	DMT in bark[54]
Virola multinervia	DMT, 5-MEO-DMT in bark and roots[54]
Virola pavonis	DMT in leaves[54]
Virola peruviana	5-MEO-DMT, traces of DMT and 5-MeO-tryptamine in bark[54]
Virola rufula	Alkaloids in bark and root, 95% of which is MeO-DMT[65] 0.190% 5-MeO-DMT in bark,[54] 0.135% 5-MeO-DMT in root, 0.092% DMT in leaves.[54]
Virola sebifera	The bark contains 0.065% to 0.25% alkaloids, most of which are DMT and 5-MeO-DMT.[66]
Virola surinamensis	DMT[6] in bark[54]
Virola venosa	DMT, 5-MEO-DMT in roots, leaves[54] DMT

Ochnaceae:

• Testulea gabonensis: 0.2% 5-MeO-DMT, small quantities of DMT,^[56] DMT in bark and root bark^[54], NMT

Ochnaceae:

Genus Pandanus (Screw Pine): DMT in nuts^[56]

Poaceae family (Gramineae):

Some Graminae (grass) species contain gramine, which can cause brain damage, other organ damage, central nervous system damage and death in sheep.^[67]

Species	Alkaloids (Dried)
Arundo donax	0.0057% DMT in dried rhizome, no stem, 0.026% bufotenine, 0.0023% 5-MeO-MMT[68]
Phalaris aquatica	0.0007-0.18% Total alkaloids,[69] 0.100% DMT,[70] 0.022% 5-MeO-DMT,[70]0.005% 5-OH-DMT[70]
Phalaris arundinacea	0.0004-0.121% Total alkaloids[69]
Phalaris brachystachys	Aerial parts up to 3% total alkaloids, DMT presentcitation needed
Phragmites australis	DMT in roots[54]

None of the above alkaloids are said to have been found in Phalaris californica, Phalaris canariensis, Phalaris minor and hybrids of P. arundinacea together with P. aquatica.^[69]

Polygonaceae:

• Erigonum sp.: DMT^[54]

Punicaceae:

• Punica granatum "DMT in root cortex;"^[6] The dried stem and root bark of the tree contain about 0.4-0.9% alkaloids.^[71]

Rubiaceae family:

Species	Alkaloids (Dried)
Psychotria carthagenensis	0.2% average DMT in dried leaves[54]
Psychotria expansa	DMT[6]
Psychotria forsteriana	DMT[6]
Psychotria insularum	DMT[6]
Psychotria poeppigiana [3]	DMT[6]
Psychotria rostrata	DMT[6]
Psychotria rufipilis	DMT[6]
Psychotria viridis	DMT 0.1-0.61% dried mass.[72]

Rutaceae family:

Species	Alkaloids (Dried)
Dictyoloma incanescens	5-MeO-DMT in leaves,[54][65] 0.04% 5-MeO-DMT in bark[56]
Dutaillyea drupacea	> 0.4 % 5-MeO-DMT in leaves[54][34]
Dutaillyea oreophila	5-MeO-DMT in leaves[54]
Tetradium ruticarpum (syn. Evodia rutaecarpa)	5-MeO-DMT in leaves,[54] fruit and roots
Limonia acidissima	5-MeO-DMT in stems[54]
Melicope leptococca	0.2% total alkaloids, 0.07% 5-MeO-DMT; 5-MeO-DMT in leaves and stems,[54] also "5-MeO-DMT-Oxide and a beta-carboline"[5]
Pilocarpus organensis	5-MeO-DMT in leaves[54]
Vepris ampody	Up to 0.2% DMT in leaves and branches[54][56]
Zanthoxylum arborescens	DMT in leaves[54]
Zanthoxylum procerum	DMT in leaves[54]

Urticaceae:

• Urtica pilulifera: Bufotenin^[6]

Other Indoles

Acoraceae:

• Acorus calamus, asarone

Mescaline

Species	Alkaloid Content (Fresh)	Alkaloid Content (Dried)
Echinopsis lageniformis (syn. Trichocereus bridgesii)	Mescaline > 0.025%,[73] also 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine < 1%, 3-methoxytyramine < 1%, tyramine < 1%	2%[74]
Echinopsis pachanoi (syn. Trichocereus pachanoi)	Mescaline 0.006-0.12%, 0.05% Average[75]	Mescaline 0.01%-2.375%[75]
Echinopsis spachiana (syn. Trichocereus spachianus)	Mescaline[76]	Mescaline[76]
Lophophora williamsii (Peyote)	0.4% Mescaline[77]	3-6% Mescaline[76]
Opuntia acanthocarpa	Mescaline[76]
Opuntia basilaris	Mescaline 0.01%, plus 4-hydroxy-3-5 -dimethoxyphenethylamine[76]
Austrocylindropuntia cylindrica (syn. Opuntia cylindrica)[78]	Mescaline[76]
Cylindropuntia echinocarpa (syn. Opuntia echinocarpa)	Mescaline 0.01%, 3-4-dimethoxyphenethylamine 0.01%, 4-hydroxy-3-5-dimethoxyphenethylamine 0.01%[76]
Cylindropuntia spinosior (syn. Opuntia spinosior)[79]	Mescaline 0.00004%, 3-methoxytyramine 0.001%, tyramine 0.002%, 3-4-dimethoxyphenethylamine.[76]
Echinopsis macrogona (syn. Trichocereus macrogonus)	> 0.01-0.05% Mescaline[80]
Echinopsis peruviana (syn. Trichocereus peruvianus)	Mescaline 0.0005%-0.12%[75]	Mescaline
Echinopsis tacaquirensis subsp. taquimbalensis (syn. Trichocereus taquimbalensis)[81]	> 0.005-0.025% Mescaline[80]
Echinopsis terscheckii (syn. Trichocereus terscheckii, Trichocereus werdemannianus)[82]	> 0.005-0.025% Mescaline[80]	Mescaline 0.01%-2.375%[75]
Echinopsis valida	0.025% Mescaline[77]

Plants containing beta-carbolines

Harmaline

Beta-carbolines are "reversible" MAO-A inhibitors. They are found in some plants used to make Ayahuasca. In high doses the harmala alkaloids are somewhat hallucinogenic on their own.

Apocynaceae:

Amsonia tabernaemontana	Harmine
Aspidosperma exalatum	Beta-carbolines[83]
Aspidosperma polyneuron	Beta-carbolines[83]
Apocynum cannabinum	Harmalol
Ochrosia nakaiana	Harman
Pleicarpa mutica	Beta-carbolines[83]

Bignoniaceae:

• Newbouldia laevis, Harman

Calycanthaceae:

Calycanthus occidentalis

Harmine

Chenopodiaceae:

• Hammada leptoclada, Tetrahydroharman, etc.
• Kochia scoparia, Harmine, etc.

Combretaceae:

• Guiera senegalensis, Harman, etc.

Cyperaceae:

• Carex brevicollis, Harmine, etc.
• Carex parva, Beta-carbolines^[83]

Elaeagnaceae:

Elaeagnus augustifolia	Harman, etc.
Elaeagnus commutata	Beta-carbolines[83]
Elaeagnus hortensis	Tetrahydroharman, etc.
Elaeagnus orientalis	Tetrahydroharman
Elaeagnus spinosa	Tetrahydroharman
Hippophae rhammoides	Harman, etc.
Shepherdia argentea	Tetrahydroharmol
Shepherdia canadensis	Tetrahydroharmol

Gramineae:

Arundo donax	Tetrahydroharman
Festuca arundinacea	Harman, etc.
Lolium perenne (Perennial Ryegrass)	Harman, etc.
Phalaris aquatica	Beta-carbolines[83]
Phalaris arundinacea	Beta-carbolines[83]

Lauraceae:

• Nectandra megapotamica, Beta-carbolines^[83]

Leguminosae:

• Acacia baileyana, Tetrahydroharman
• Acacia complanata, Tetrahydroharman, etc.
• Burkea africana, Harman, etc.
• Desmodium gangeticum, Beta-carbolines^[83]
• Desmodium gyrans, Beta-carbolines^[83]
• Desmodium pulchellum, Harman, etc.
• Mucuna pruriens, 6-Methoxy-Harman
• Petalostylis labicheoides, Tetrahydroharman; MAO's up to 0.5%^[6]
• Prosopis nigra, Harman, etc.
• Shepherdia pulchellum, Beta-carbolines^[83]

Loganiaceae:

• Strychnos melinoniana, Beta-carbolines^[83]
• Strychnos usambarensis, Harman^[83]

Malpighiaceae:

Banisteriopsis argentia	5-methoxytetrahydroharman, (-)-N(6)-methoxytetrahydroharman, dimethyltryptamine-N(6)-oxide[9]
Banisteriopsis caapi	Harmine 0.31-8.43%,[84] tetrahydroharmine, telepathine, dihydroshihunine,[85] 5-MeO-DMT in bark[86]
Banisteriopsis inebrians	Beta-carbolines[83]
Banisteriopsis lutea	Harmine, telepathine[9]
Banisteriopsis metallicolor	Harmine, telepathine[9]
Banisteriopsis muricata	Harmine up to 6%, harmaline up to 4%, plus DMT[87]
Diplopterys cabrerana	Beta-carbolines[83]
Cabi pratensis	Beta-carbolines[83]
Callaeum antifebrile (syn. Cabi paraensis)	Harmine

Myristicaceae:

• Gymnacranthera paniculata, Beta-carbolines^[83]
• Horsfieldia superba: Beta-carbolines^[5]
• Virola cuspidata, 6-Methoxy-Harman
• Virola rufula, Beta-carbolines^[83]
• Virola theidora, Beta-carbolines^[83]

Ochnaceae:

• Testulea gabonensis, Beta-carbolines^[83]

Palmae:

• Plectocomiopsis geminiflorus, Beta-carbolines^[83]

Papaveraceae:

Meconopsis horridula	Beta-carbolines[83]
Meconopsis napaulensis	Beta-carbolines[83]
Meconopsis panuculata	Beta-carbolines[83]
Meconopsis robusta	Beta-carbolines[83]
Meconopsis rudis	Beta-carbolines[83]
Papaver rhoeas	Beta-carbolines[83]

Passifloraceae:

Passiflora actinea	Harman
Passiflora alata	Harman
Passiflora alba	Harman
Passiflora bryonoides	Harman