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Indo-European topics |
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Proto-Indo-Iranian, is the reconstructed proto-language of the Indo-Iranian branch of Indo-European. Its speakers, the hypothetical Proto-Indo-Iranians, are assumed to have lived in the late 3rd millennium BC, and are usually connected with the early Andronovo archaeological horizon.
Proto-Indo-Iranian was a Satem language, likely removed less than a millennium from the late Proto-Indo-European language, and in turn removed less than a millennium from the Vedic Sanskrit of the Rigveda. It is the ancestor of the Indo-Aryan languages, the Iranian languages, the Dardic languages and the Nuristani languages. The main phonological change separating Proto-Indo-Iranian from Proto-Indo-European is the collapse of the ablauting vowels *e, *o, *a into a single vowel, Proto-Indo-Iranian *a (but see Brugmann's law). Grassmann's law, Bartholomae's law, and the Ruki sound law were also complete in Proto-Indo-Iranian.
Among the sound changes from Proto-Indo-Iranian to Indo-Aryan is the loss of the voiced sibilant *z, among those to Iranian is the de-aspiration of the PIE voiced aspirates.
| PIE | OInd/VS | Av | PIE | OInd/VS | Av | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| *p | > | p | p | *ph̥atēr "father" | pitā́ "father" | pitar- "father" |
| *b | > | b | b | *bel- "strong" | bálam "strength" | - |
| *bh | > | bh | b | *bhréhatēr "brother" | bhrā́tār- "brother" | brātar- "brother |
| *t | > | t | t | *tuhxóm "thou" | tuvám "thou" | tvəm "thou" |
| *d | > | d | d | *doru "wood" | dā́ru "wood" | dāna- "grain" |
| *dh | > | dh | d | *dhohxneha- "grain" | dhānā́- "grain" | dāna- "grain" |
| *k̂ | > | ś | s | *dék̂m̥ "ten" | dáśa "ten" | dasa "ten" |
| *ĝ | > | j | z | *ĝónu "knee" | jā́nu "knee" | zānu- "knee" |
| *ĝh | > | h | z | *ĝhimós "cold" | himá- "cold, frost" | zəmaka- "winterstorm" |
| *k | > | k ~ c | x ~ č | *kruharós "bloody" | krūrá- "bloody" | xrūra- "bloody" |
| *téket "may he run" | - | tačat̰ "may he run" | ||||
| *g | > | g ~ j | g ~ z | *haéuges- "strength" | ójas- "strength" | aoǰah "strength" |
| *haugrós "strong" | ugrá- "strong" | ugra- "strong" | ||||
| *gh | > | g ~ h | g ~ z | *dl̥hxghós "long" | dīrghá- "long" | darəga- "long" |
| *dlehxghistos "longest" | - | draǰišta- "longest" | ||||
| *kw | > | k ~ c | k ~ c | *kwós "who" | káḥ "who" | kō "who" |
| *kwe "and" | ca "and" | ́ča "and" | ||||
| *gw | > | g ~ j | g ~ ǰ | *gwou- "cow" | gav- "cow" | gau- "cow" |
| *gwih3uós "alive" | jīvá- "alive" | OPer: ǰīva
- "living" |
||||
| *gwh | > | gh ~ h | g ~ ǰ | *gwhnénti "strike" (pl.) | ghnánti "strike" (pl.) | - |
| *gwhénti "strikes" | hánti "strikes" | ǰainti "strikes" | ||||
| *s | > | s | h | *septm̥ "seven" | saptá "seven" | hapta "seven" |
| *i̥ | > | y | y | *i̥ugóm "yoke" | yuga'm "yoke" | yuga- "yoke" |
| *u̥ | > | v | v | *u̥éĝheti "drives, rides" | váhati "drives" | vazaiti "travels" |
| *m | > | m | m | *méhatēr "mother" | mātár- "mother" | mātar- "mother" |
| *n | > | n | n | *nos "us" | nas "us" | nō "us" |
| *n̥ | > | a | a | *n̥- "un-" | a- "un-" | a- "un-" |
| *m̥ | > | a | a | *k̂m̥tóm "hundred" | s'atám "hundred" | satəm "hundred" |
| *l̥ | > | r̥ | ərər | *u̥l̥kwos "wolf" | vĺ̥ka- "wolf" | vəhrka- "wolf" |
| *r̥ | > | r̥ | ərər | *k̂r̥d- "heart" | hŕ̥d- "heart" | zərəd- "heart" |
| *i | > | i | i | *linékwti "leaves" | riṇákti "leaves" | irinaxti "releases" |
| *e | > | a | a | *dék̂m̥ "ten" | dáśa "ten" | dasa "ten" |
| *ē | > | ā | ā | *hanḗr "man" | nā "man" | nā "man" |
| *a | > | a | a | *haéĝeti "drives" | ájati "drives" | azaiti "drives" |
| *ā | > | ā | ā | *méhatēr "mother" | mātā́ "mother" | mātar- "mother" |
| *o | > | a ~ ā | a ~ ā | *ĝómbhos "tooth, peg" | jā́mbha- "tooth, tusk" | - |
| *ĝónu "knee" | jānu "knee" | zānu- "knee" | ||||
| *ō | > | ā | ā | *dhohxneha- "grain" | dhānā́- "grain" | dāna- "grain" |
| *u | > | u | u | *iugóm "yoke" | yugám "yoke" | yuga- "yoke" |
| *ū | > | ū | ū | *mū́s "mouse" | mū́ṣ- "mouse" | NPer mūs "mouse" |
| *h1 | > | ⊘ | ⊘ | *h1ésti "is" | ásti "is" | asti "is" |
| *h2 | > | ⊘ | ⊘ | *h2r̥tk̂os "bear" | r̥'kṣa- "bear" | arəša- "bear" |
| *h3 | > | ⊘ | ⊘ | *h3ókws(i) "eye" | ákṣi "eye" | aši "eye" |
| *h4 | > | ⊘ | ⊘ | *h4órĝhis "testicle" | - | ərəzi- "testicle" |
| Proto-Indo-Iranian | Old Iranian (OP, Av) | Old Indic/Vedic Sanskrit |
|---|---|---|
| *açva ("horse") | Av, OP aspa | aśva |
| *bhag- | OP baj- (bāji; "tribute") | bhag- (bhaga) |
| *bhrātr- ("brother") | OP brātar | bhrātṛ |
| *bhūmī ("earth", "land") | OP būmi | bhūmī |
| *martja ("mortal, "man") | OP martya | martya |
| *māsa ("moon") | OP māha | māsa |
| *vāsara ("early") | OP vāhara ("spring") | vāsara ("morning") |
| *arta ("truth") | Av aša, OP arta | ṛta |
| *draugh- ("falsehood") | Av druj, OP draug- | druh- |
| *sauma "pressed (juice)" | Av haoma | soma |
Schleicher's fable
Carlos Quiles Casas of the Dnghu Group gives a Proto-Indo-Iranian version of Schleicher's fable [1]
- Ávis áçvās-ka. Ávis, kahja vr̥nā na āst, áçvans spaçát, áinam garúm vágham vághantam, áinam-ka mágham bháram, áinam-ka ghámanam āçu bhárantam. Ávis nu áçvabhjas ávaukat: “Ghr̥d ághnutai mai, áçvans aĵantam vram vídanti”. Áçvās tu ávaukant: “Srudhí ávi! ghr̥d ághnutai asmái vídantbhjas: nar, pátis, ávjam-r̥ vr̥nām svábhi gharmám vástram kr̥náuti”. Ávjam-ka vr̥nā na ásti. Tat sásruvas ávis áĵram ábhugat.
References
- Asko Parpola, 'The formation of the Aryan branch of Indo-European', in Blench and Spriggs (eds), Archaeology and Language III, London and New York (1999).
- Alexander Lubotsky, "The Indo-Iranian substratum" in Early Contacts between Uralic and Indo-European, ed. Carpelan et al., Helsinki (2001).
- ^ "Indo-Iranian Languages." Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture. Ed. J.P. Mallory and D.Q. Adams. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn, 1997. pp. 305.
See also
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