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| Marie Adélaïde de France | |
 Princess Adélaïde of France, 1787, by Adélaïde Labille-Guiard, Musée National du Chateau de Versailles, in Paris
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| Born | March 23, 1732 Palace of Versailles, France |
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| Died | February 27, 1800 Triest, Italy |
| Parents | Louis XV of France and Maria Leszczyńska |
Marie Adélaïde de France (23 March 1732 - 27 February 1800) was a French princess. She was the fourth daughter and sixth child of King Louis XV of France and his Queen consort, Maria Leszczyńska. As the daughter of the king, she was a Fille de France. She outlived both of her parents and all nine of her siblings.
Originally known as Madame Quatrième (Madame the Fourth), until the death of her older sister Marie-Louise in 1733. She was then known as Madame Troisième, (Madame the Third), and finally, Madame Adélaïde. She outlived all nine of her siblings.
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Life
Birth
In the shadow of her brother, the Dauphin Louis, Adélaïde was born and raised at the vast Palace of Versailles, with her older sister Henriette-Anne. Very close to her older siblings, many of her younger sisters were sent away to live and grow up at the royal convents in France, the main one being the Abbaye de Fontevraud. She was one of ten children.
Versailles
She, as well as her brother and sisters, attempted to prevent their father's liaison with Madame de Pompadour, which began in 1750, but they were all unsuccessful. She was deeply affected by the death of her sister Henriette-Anne at the age of twenty-five in 1752, and the later death of her brother, Louis, in 1765.
Adélaïde became the leader of the group of three unmarried, younger sisters who survived into adulthood, the others being Madame Victoire and Madame Sophie. They all found solace in music.
Adélaïde despised her father's Maîtresse-en-titre known as Madame du Barry as well. When Marie-Antoinette of Austria became Dauphine in 1770, Adélaïde tried to win her support against Madame du Barry, but the empress Maria Theresa opposed that arrangement. This was a factor which would cause Adélaide to bear subsequent malice toward Marie Antoinette and to become one of the most vicious rumour-mongers at Versailles.
After her brother, the dauphin, died in 1765, followed by that of his second wife, Marie-Josèphe, in 1767, Adélaïde took custody of the late dauphine's papers, and the instructions that their son, Louis, should he become king. The papers were opened on 12 May 1774, after the death of Louis XV, leading to the accession of Louis as Louis XVI. Three people were suggested for the position of Prime Minister – Maurepas, the duc d'Aiguillon, or Machault
Gallery
 Marie Adélaïde costumed à la turque by Liotard |
 Marie Adélaïde by Jean-Marc Nattier as air |
 Marie Adélaïde in late life |
Later life
Revolution
Madame Adélaïde was forced to leave Versailles with Madame Victoire on 6 October 1789, and they took up residence at the Château de Bellevue.
Revolutionary laws against the church caused them to leave for Italy on 20 February 1791, although they were arrested and detained for several days at Arnay-le-Duc before they were allowed to depart. They visited their niece Clotilde, sister of Louis XVI, in Turin, and arrived in Rome on 16 April 1791. As a result of the increasing influence of Revolutionary France, they traveled farther afield, moving to Naples in 1796, where Marie Caroline, sister of Marie Antoinette, was queen.
Death
They moved to Corfu in 1799, and finally settled in Trieste, where Victoire died of breast cancer. Adélaïde died one year later, in exile, in the French émigré society at Rome. Their bodies were later returned to France by Louis XVIII and buried at the Abbey of Saint-Denis.
Her nephews included (among others) Ferdinand, Duke of Parma, Louis XVI of France, Louis XVIII of France, and Charles X of France. Her nieces included Madame Élisabeth and Queen Maria Louisa of Spain.
Ancestry
References
- This article is based on a translation of the equivalent article of the French Wikipedia on 1 November 2006
