Pádraig Pearse

Patrick Henry Pearse (also known as Pádraig Pearse; Irish: Pádraig Anraí Mac Piarais; 10 November 1879 – 3 May 1916) was a teacher, barrister, poet, writer, nationalist and political activist who was one of the leaders of the Easter Rising in 1916. He was declared "President of the Provisional Government" of the Irish Republic in one of the bulletins issued by the Rising's leaders, a status that was however disputed by others associated with the rebellion both then and subsequently. Following the collapse of the Rising and the execution of Pearse, along with his brother (Willie Pearse) and fourteen other leaders, Pearse came to be seen by many as the embodiment of the rebellion.

Early life and influences

Patrick Henry Pearse was born at 27 Great Brunswick Street (now Pearse Street), Dublin.His father, James Pearse, was an English artisan/stonemason who moved to Ireland from Birmingham to take advantage of the boom in church building during the second half of the 19th century. He converted to Catholicism in 1870, probably for business reasons,^{citation needed} and held moderate home rule views. In 1877 he married his second wife, Margaret Brady. He had two children from his previous marriage, Emily and James (two other children from that marriage, Amy Kathleen and Agnes Maud, died in childbirth). Margaret was a native of Dublin, but her father's family were from County Meath and were native Irish speakers. The Irish-speaking influence of Pearse's great-aunt Margaret, together with his schooling at the CBS Westland Row, instilled in him an early love for the Irish language.

In 1896, at the age of only sixteen, he joined the Gaelic League (Conradh na Gaeilge), and in 1903 at the age of 23, he became editor of its newspaper An Claidheamh Soluis ("The Sword of Light").

Pearse's earlier heroes were the ancient Gaelic folk heroes such as Cúchulainn, though in his 30s he began to take a strong interest in the leaders of past republican movements, such as the United Irishmen Theobald Wolfe Tone and Robert Emmet. Both were Protestant, but much of nationalist Ireland was Protestant in the eighteenth century. It was from these men that those such as the fervently Catholic Pearse drew inspiration for the rebellion of 1916.

St Enda's

As a cultural nationalist educated by the Irish Christian Brothers, like his younger brother Willie, Pearse believed that language was intrinsic to the identity of a nation. The Irish school system, he believed, raised Ireland's youth to be good Englishmen or obedient Irishmen, and an alternative was needed. Thus for him and other language revivalists, saving the Irish language from extinction was a cultural priority of the utmost importance. The key to saving the language, he felt, would be a sympathetic education system. To show the way, he started his own bilingual school, St. Enda's School (Scoil Éanna) in Ranelagh, County Dublin, in 1908. Here, the pupils were taught in both the Irish and English languages.

With the aid of Thomas MacDonagh, Pearse's younger brother Willie Pearse and other (often transient) academics, it soon proved a successful experiment. He did all he planned, and even brought students on fieldtrips to the Gaeltacht in the west of Ireland. Pearse's restless idealism led him in search of an even more idyllic home for his school. He found it in the Hermitage, Rathfarnham, where he moved St. Enda's in 1910. Pearse was also involved in the foundation of St. Ita's school for girls, a school with similar aims to St. Enda's.

However, the new home, while splendidly located in an 18th-century house surrounded by a park and woodlands, caused financial difficulties that almost brought him to disaster. He strove continually to keep ahead of his debts while doing his best to maintain the school. In February 1914 he travelled to the USA to raise money for his ailing school where he met John Devoy and Joseph McGarrity both of whom were impressed by his fervour and supported him in raising sufficient money to secure the continued existence of the school.

The Volunteers and Home Rule

In April 1912 as the prospect of self-government for Ireland under a new Home Rule for Ireland Bill became reality, John Redmond leader of the Irish Party who held the balance of power in the House of Commons having committed the government of the United Kingdom to introduce the Bill, Pearse’s attitude towards the Bill was remarkably ambivalent.

Pearse moved from welcoming the Bill, asking all sides to support Redmond’s praiseworthy achievement to demanding a better Bill with the public warning Let the Gall understand that if we are cheated this time there will be red war in Ireland .^[2] Pearse was one of four speakers, including Redmond, Joseph Devlin MP. leader of the Northern Nationalists and Eoin MacNeill a prominent Gaelic Leaguer, who addressed a large Home Rule Rally in Dublin on a public platform at the end of March 1913. Speaking in Irish Pearse threatened revolution if the Bill were not enacted.^[3]

In November 1913 Pearse was invited to the inaugural meeting of the Irish Volunteers, formed to enforce the implementation of the Third Home Rule Act passed by the House of Commons in the face of opposition from the Ulster Volunteers. In an article entitled “The Coming Revolution” (Nov. 1913) Pearse wrote

The bill just failed to pass the House of Lords, but the Lord’s diminished power under the Parliament Act meant that the bill could only be delayed and was finally placed on the statute books with Royal Assent in September 1914, but suspended for the duration of World War I, which context set the backdrop for events to follow.

John Redmond leader of the IPP feared his “national authority” might be circumvented by the Volunteers and decided to control the new movement. Despite opposition from the I.R.B. members, the Volunteer Executive agreed to share leadership with Redmond and a joint committee was set up. Pearse was opposed to this and was to write: ^[5]

The Volunteers split one of the issues being support for the Allied and British war effort, a majority following Redmond in the National Volunteers in the belief that this would ensure Home Rule on their return. Pearse, exhilarated by the dramatic events of the European war wrote in an article written in December 1915 on patriotism:

The IRB and the Irish Republic

In December 1913, Bulmer Hobson swore Pearse into the secret Irish Republican Brotherhood (IRB),^[8] an organisation dedicated to the overthrow of British rule in Ireland and its replacement with an Irish Republic. He was soon co-opted onto the IRB's Supreme Council by Tom Clarke.^[9] Pearse was then one of many people who were members of both the IRB and the Volunteers. When he became the Volunteers' Director of Military Organisation in 1914^[10] he was the highest ranking Volunteer in the IRB membership, and instrumental in the latter's commandeering of the remaining minority of the Volunteers for the purpose of rebellion. By 1915 he was on the IRB's Supreme Council, and its secret Military Council, the core group that began planning for a rising while war raged on the European Western Front.

"Our foes are strong and wise and wary; but, strong and wise and wary as they are, they cannot undo the miracles of God Who ripens in the hearts of young men the seeds sown by the young men of a former generation. And the seeds sown by the young men of '65 and '67 are coming to their miraculous ripening today. Rulers and Defenders of the Realm had need to be wary if they would guard against such processes. Life springs from death; and from the graves of patriot men and women spring living nations. The Defenders of this Realm have worked well in secret and in the open. They think that they have pacified Ireland. They think that they have purchased half of us and intimidated the other half. They think that they have foreseen everything, think that they have provided against everything; but, the fools, the fools, the fools! — They have left us our Fenian dead, and while Ireland holds these graves, Ireland unfree shall never be at peace." (Full text of Speech)

The Easter Rising and his execution

Pearse, given his speaking and writing skills, was chosen by the leading IRB man Thomas Clarke to be the spokesman for the Rising. It was Pearse who on behalf of the IRB, shortly before Easter in 1916, issued the orders to all Volunteer units throughout the country for three days of manoeuvres beginning Easter Sunday, which was the signal for a general uprising. When Eoin MacNeill, the Chief of Staff of the Volunteers, learned what was being planned without the promised arms from Germany, he countermanded the orders via newspaper, causing the IRB to issue a last minute order to go through with the plan the following day, greatly limiting the numbers who turned out for the rising.

When the Easter Rising eventually erupted on Easter Monday, 24 April 1916, there never was any plan for a military victory in the minds of the Leaders. It was Pearse who proclaimed a Republic from the steps of the General Post Office and headquarters of the insurgents. After six days fighting, heavy civilian casualties and great destruction of property, Pearse issued the order to surrender along with the remaining leaders.

Pearse and fourteen other leaders, including his brother Willie, were court-martialled and executed by firing squad. Sir Roger Casement, who had tried unsuccessfully to recruit an insurgent force among Irish-born prisoners of war from the Irish Brigade in Germany was hanged in London the following August. Thomas Clarke, Thomas MacDonagh and Pearse himself were the first of the rebels to be executed, on the morning of 3 May 1916. Pearse was 36 years old at the time of his death.

Sir John Maxwell, the General Officer commanding the British forces in Ireland, sent a telegram to Asquith, then Prime Minister, advising him not to return the bodies of Pádraig and Willie Pearse to their family saying: "Irish sentimentality will turn these graves into martyrs’ shrines to which annual processions will be made which would cause constant irritation in this country. ^[11]

Maxwell also suppressed the letter from Pearse to his mother,^[12] and two poems dated 1 May 1916, he submitted copies of them also to the British Prime Minister saying that some of the content was "objectionable."^[13]

Was Pearse "President of the Irish Republic” ?

In the December 1918 general election held at the end of the war, as a result of the April 1918 Conscription Crisis and the 1916 executions, Sinn Féin , in a first past the post ballot won the majority of seats (73 out of 105, a third uncontested) and in January 1919 formed an unilaterally independent Irish parliament, Dáil Éireann. The first paragraph of the Democratic Programme, read out at the first meeting of the First Dáil, mentions "ár gceud Uachtarán Pádraig Mac Phiarais" ["our first President, Pádraig Mac Phiarais"], thus giving Pearse posthumously recognition as President.

However, the claim that Pearse was designated President of the Republic was widely disputed in the aftermath of the Rising. The Dáil-government described itself as 'provisional'. Clarke's wife stated in her autobiography that the Rising leaders understood that Clarke was to be president, hence his position as the first name on the list of signatories of the proclamation. Emmet Clarke, son of Tom Clarke, then a child, recounted meeting surviving figures of the Rising in the presence of his mother when they were released. One leading figure asked Mrs Clarke and her son "Who in the hell made Pearse president?"^[14] Opponents of Pearse accused him of using his role as chief propagandist for the rebellion to draft statements referring to himself as president. The claim that Pearse held such a role featured only in a secondary document issued, one drafted by Pearse himself, not in the actual Proclamation.^[15]

In addition that document used the term "President of the Provisional Government", not "President of the Republic". A "President of a government" is akin to a prime minister, not a president of a state.^[16] Pearse and his colleagues also discussed proclaiming Prince Joachim (the Kaiser's youngest son) as an Irish constitutional monarch, if the Central Powers won the First World War, which suggests that their ideas for the political future of the country had to await the war's outcome.^[17]

Others considerations

Ruth Dudley Edwards a noted revisionist historian and Unionist^[19] made the following conclusions about Pearse and the Rising: Pearse and his colleagues had no mandate, merely a belief that because their judgement was superior to those of the population at large, they were entitled to use violence.^[20] Eoin Neeson, ^[21] has described such opinions as having “no mandate” as inapt, pointing to the fact that the leaders repeatedly stated aim was to revive a sense of separate national identity in the people as a whole. ^[22]

Pearse in his address to his court martial and his prediction of future events in history would no doubt contrast Edwards assertion:

This point she herself conceded when in her biography of Pearse quoted the words of the poet AE (George Russell) who himself would have been a critic of Pearse:^[24]

In addition, Edwards in her introduction to her biography of Pearse, and as to how his actions would be viewed by later generations quoted a verse from W. B. Yeats' Three songs to the one burden,:

Pearse's writings

Pearse wrote stories and poems in both Irish and English, his best-known English poem being "The Wayfarer". He also penned several allegorical plays in the (Irish language, including The King, The Master, and The Singer. His short stories in Irish include Eoghainín na nÉan ("Eoineen of the Birds"), Íosagán, Na Bóithre ("The Roads"), and An Bhean Chaointe ("The Keening Woman"). Most of his ideas on education are contained in his famous essay The Murder Machine. He also authored many essays on politics and language, notably "The Coming Revolution" and "Ghosts".

Personal life

Pearse never wrote his first name as 'Pádraig', using 'Patrick' or P.H.' instead. After his death 'Pádraig' was adopted by supporters in recognition of his love of the Irish language.

His apparent lack of any romantic involvement with women, has led to the suggestion by revisionist Unionist historian^[25] Ruth Dudley Edwards that Pearse was an “unconscious homosexual". ^[24] Edwards rejects the suggestion that Pearse was romantically involved with a young lady by the name of Eveleen Nicholls. Despite Eveleen’s brother saying that Pearse had proposed to her, and that Eveleen had declined as “she did not want to abandon her mother to the problems…in her home.” ^[24]

Eveleen was a young girl, recently elected to the Coiste Gnotha, who had a reputation in Gaelic League for her academic achievements and devotion to the Irish language. She died in tragic circumstances, while swimming in the seas off the Blasket Islands.

Edwards, in her biography of Pearse, says that Pearse “was marred by a personal blow,” referring to the death of Eveleen, whom she described as his "admired friend," and that “the only basis for marriage with Eveleen would have been mutual respect, not sexual attraction.” ^[24]

Desmond Ryan, Pearse’s young protégé, was convinced of Pearse’s emotional involvement by his tears at Eveleen’s funeral but Edwards comments that "there were many others crying," and in addition Edwards contends "Pearse’s grief for Eveleen was not great enough to affect his work in any way." ^[24]

Pearse was later to write a lament, entitled "A Chinn Aluinn," (O Lovely Head):

Edwards again rejects this as proof of Pearse’s love for Eveleen, saying "It was apparently not written until nearly five years after her death, and Pearse, where his poetry dealt with specific episodes…wrote during or immediately after the occasion concerned… the poem was an exercise in a common romantic convention, by which the death of the beloved provided a vehicle for morbid reflections." ^[24]

"As Mary Hayden’s evidence suggested," writes Edwards, "he tended to put women on a pedestal. He knew nothing of homosexuality." Edwards writes "it is inconceivable that a man of Pearse’s conventional mores and high code of chivalry could have lived with conscious homosexual inclinations. Certainly, with such knowledge, he could not have gone on writing as he did…"^[24] "Pearse was an innocent," she suggests "but there can be little doubt about his unconscious inclinations."

Mary Hayden, who described Pearse’s writing, said "when he wrote of beauty, he was inspired by the descriptions, so frequent and so elaborate, of characters in the old Irish sagas… of course, any respectable man would have been careful not to write too eloquently of the female form…," and Edwards says Pearse did not speak from "personal experience of the kisses of a little boy being sweeter than the kisses of women," or the "honey of their bodies," and no more can it be supposed that "when he wrote of his love in the tomb he was thinking of a particular woman," again alluding to Eveleen. ^[24]

In 1909 Pearse published a poem entitled "A Mhic Bhig na gCleas" (Little Lad of the Tricks), in the second edition of Macaomh. It was well received at the time and was later republished in Claidheamh Soluis (The Sword of Light). When it was published in the English language, it caused some alarm among more worldly people. Pearse’s friends Thomas MacDonagh and Joseph Mary Plunkett, when they explained to him the construction which might be placed on it, Pearse was both "bewildered and hurt." Though Edwards again suggested that his "lifetime quest for purity, chastity, and perfection had blinded him to the instincts reflected in his poetry…" and concludes "he never again offered such ammunition as in "Little Lad of the Tricks."^[24]

Reputation

Largely because of a series of political pamphlets Pearse wrote in the months leading up to the 1916 Rising, he soon became recognised as the voice of the 1916 Rising. In the middle decades of the twentieth century, Pearse was idolised by Irish nationalists as the supreme idealist of their cause.

However, with the outbreak of conflict in Northern Ireland in 1969, Pearse's legacy soon became associated with the Provisional IRA. Pearse's reputation and writings were subject to criticism by some historians who saw him as a dangerous, fanatical, psychologically unsound individual under ultra-religious influences. As Conor Cruise O'Brien, onetime Labour TD and former unionist politician, put it in writing: "Pearse saw the Rising as a Passion Play with real blood." In his 1972 book States of Ireland Cruise O Brien was to reveal a deeper, more personal reason for his opposition to Pearse and indeed the Easter Rising. The Rising, he said, resulted in his family's "rightful" position, as leading members of the Irish Parliamentary Party in Irish society being denied them.

Others defended Pearse, suggesting that to blame him for what was happening in Northern Ireland was unhistorical and a distortion of the real spirit of his writings. Though the passion of those arguments has waned with the continuing peace in Northern Ireland following the Good Friday Agreement in 1998, his complex personality still remains a subject of controversy for those who wish to debate the evolving meaning of Irish nationalism.

His former school, St. Enda's, Rathfarnham, on the south side of Dublin, is now the Pearse Museum dedicated to his memory. In Ballymun the Patrick Pearse Tower was named after him. it was the first of Ballymun's tower blocks to be demolished in 2004.^{citation needed}

Footnotes

^ “The acronym the Irish Republican Army was first used in 1867 to describe the ill-fated group of Fenian’s who invaded Canada in 1867. It was used again in 1916 to describe the Irish Citizen Army and Irish Volunteers who seized and held the centre of Dublin in the Easter Rising. In 1919 the Irish Volunteers adopted the name, the Irish Republican Army....Commandant James Connelly was cheered when he told them from now on there was no Irish Citizen Army and no Irish Volunteers. They were the Irish Republican Army. He gave the order to charge the GPO.” (The Volunteer: Uniforms, Weapons and History of the Irish Republican Army 1913-1997, by James Durney, Gaul House, Kildare, 2004)
^ Charles Townshend, Easter 1916, the Irish Rebellion, p. 38, (2005) ISBN 978-0-14-101216-2
^ Ruth Dudley Edwards, Patrick Pearse: The Triumph of Failure, (1977) p. 159
^ Seán Cronin, Our Own Red Blood, Irish Freedom Press, New York, 1966, pg.15
^ Seán Cronin, Our Own Red Blood, Irish Freedom Press, New York, 1966, pg.15
^ Seán Cronin, Our Own Red Blood, Irish Freedom Press, New York, 1966, pg.15
^ "Peace and the Gael", in Patrick H. Pearse, Political writings and speeches, Phoenix, Dublin, (1924) p. 216, National Library of Ireland
^ In a statement to the Bureau of Military History, dated 26 January 1948, Hobson claims: "After the formation of the Irish Volunteers in October, 1913, [sic, the Volunteers were formed in November] Pádraig Pearse was sworn in by me as a member of the IRB in December of that year ... I swore him in before his departure for the States." (See: National Library of Ireland, 3.2.1 Bulmer Hobson and Denis McCullough, in The 1916 Rising: Personalities and Perspectives, p. 18, accessed 1 January 2008. Hobson, in his Foundation of Growth of the Irish Volunteers, 1913–1914, also states that Pearse was not a member of the IRB when the Irish Volunteers were founded in November.
^ Kathleen Clarke says in My Fight for Ireland's Freedom that it was "towards the end of 1913" when Tom Clarke had Pearse co-opted onto the Supreme Council of the IRB.
^ Eoin Neeson, Myths from Easter 1916, Aubane Historical Society, Cork, 2007, ISBN 978 1 903497 34 0 Pg.87
^ Quotations from P.H. Pearse, Proinsias Mac Aonghusa, Mercier Press, RP 1979, ISBN 0 85342 605 8
^ Author:Patrick Pearse - Wikisource at en.wikisource.org
^ Quotations from P.H. Pearse, Proinsias Mac Aonghusa, Mercier Press, RP 1979, ISBN 0 85342 605 8
^ Emmet Clarke, in an interview broadcast on RTÉ 9 April 2006.
^ Arthur Mitchell & Pádraig Ó Snodaigh, Irish Political Documents 1916-1949, Irish Academic Press 1985.
^ Among states which use or used that form of address to refer to a prime minister are Spain and the Irish Free State, where the latter's prime minister was called President of the Executive Council.
^ FitzGerald G. Reflections on the Irish State Irish Academic Press, Dublin 2003 p.153.
^ Collins to Kevin O'Brien, Frongoch, 6 October 1916, quoted in Tim Pat Coogan, Michael Collins, Hutchinson, 1990.
^ Envoi, Taking Leave Of Roy Foster, by Brendan Clifford and Julianne Herlihy, Aubane Historical Society, Cork Pg 88, 96, 100, 146,152
^ Ruth Dudley-Edwards, "The Terrible Legacy of Patrick Pearse", Sunday Independent, 14 April 2001.
^ Eoin Neeson, is a well known Irish broadcaster, author, and one-time Fianna Fail press officer, lectures both in Ireland and abroad. Writing under the pseudonym Donal O’Neill he has been described as the “Walter Scott of Ireland.”
^ Eoin Neeson, Myths from Easter 1916, Aubane Historical Society, Cork, 2007,Pg.22 ISBN 978 1 903497 34 0
^ Max Caulfield, The Easter Rebellion, Gill & MacMillan 1963, 1995, Dublin
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m R.D. Edwards, The Triumph of Failure, Victor Gollancz Ltd, London, 1990.
^ Brendan Clifford and Julianne, Envoi: Taking leave of Roy Foster, Aubane Historical Society, June 2006, ISBN 1 903497 28 0
^ Bertie Ahern, interviewed about Pearse on RTÉ, 9 April 2006.

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