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| Operation Undeniable Victory | |||||||||
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| Part of Iran-Iraq War | |||||||||
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| Belligerents | |||||||||
.svg){kind=small} Iraq |
 Iran |
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| Commanders | |||||||||
| Saddam Hussein |
Ali Sayad Shirazi |
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| Strength | |||||||||
| 80,000-160,000 | 40,000-50,000 Iranian regulars 40,000 Pasdaran 30,000 Basij |
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| Casualties and losses | |||||||||
| 15,000-20,000 captured 400 tanks seized |
30,000 | ||||||||
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Operation Undeniable Victory also known as Operation Fath-ol-Mobeen was an Iranian operation conducted during the Iran-Iraq War, in March 1982.
Some believe that this operation was the turning point in the war[1] and that it was this operation that led to the eviction of Iraqi troops from Khuzestan, as this was Iran's first major victory and because the strategic initiative shifted from Iraq to Iran. Others (including Efraim Karsh) believe it was actually the operation working in tandem with others which led to the expulsion of Iraqi troops from southern Iran. They believe that in fact, Operation Jerusalem, which lasted from April to May 1982, had the greatest effect, because the Iranians were able to capture the strategically important city of Khorramshahr.
The Iraqis suffered much greater casualties than the Iranians, because the Iranian attack did not fully involve the unsupported frontal assaults made by the Pasdaran which would be associated with Iranian attacks during the attempts to conquer Iraqi territory; the Iranian forces still had to contend with an Iraqi army which was entrenched on the front-line; and they enjoyed a good amount of tank, artillery and aerial support. In the operation, the Iranians were able to encircle Iraqi forces around the town of Shush. In a week, the Iranians were able to destroy three divisions and win the battle.
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Prelude
On 22 September 1980, Saddam Hussein, attempting to repeat the success of the Isreali pre-emptive air strike against the Arab air forces, launched numerous sorties against Iranian air fields, hoping to destroy the Iranian air force on the ground. Although they failed, Saddam was still not going to be prevented from achieving his aim of establishing complete and utter Iraqi dominance of the Shatt al-Arab waterway. He launched a land invasion of Iran, focusing on southern Iran. He was able to achieve success, capturing the important Iranian city of Khorramshahr. Although the Iraqis were not able to capture the city of Abadan, the way was open to Tehran as the Iranian defences had collapsed. The Iraqi advance was halted at the Karun river and now Iran was able to counter-attack; although their first counter-attack was a failure, this one would be successful.
The Battle
On 22 March 1982, precisely 18 months to the day of the Iraqi invasion, the Iranians launched Operation Undeniable Victory. They intended to use a pincer movement to encircle Iraqi forces around the Iranian town of Shush, which was under Iraqi control. Under the command of the young Iranian Chief-of-Staff, General Sayed Shirazi, the Iranians launched an armoured thrust on the night of the 22nd followed by constant human-wave attacks by Pasdaran brigades, composed each of about 1,000 fighters. The Iranians kept up the momentum against the Iraqi forces and, after heavy Iraqi losses, Saddam ordered a retreat on the 28th. Three Iraqi divisions were encircled in the operation.
Aftermath
Along with Operation Jerusalem Way and Operation Jerusalem, the Iranians were able to evict the Iraqi forces from southern Iran. The Iranians had succeeded in achieving their standing aim of reversing the gains made by the Iraqi armed forces in the initial stages of the Iran-Iraq War. Afterwards, the Iranian hardliners, headed by the Speaker of the Iranian Parliament Akbar Hashemi-Rafsanjani, argued for the expansion of Iranian war operations into Iraq. They eventually succeeded in getting their way, and the Iranians commenced several operations to conquer territory.
However, whereas the Iranians had successfully used combined-arms operations to emerge victorious against the Iraqi troops in Iran, during their operations in Iraq they relied upon unsupported human wave attacks by the semi-trained troops of the Pasdaran and the Basij. The wider operation to re-capture Khuzestan is rightly to be considered a turning point in the Iran-Iraq War; the Iranians were able to secure the Fao Peninsula in Operation Dawn 8, another victory in the Iran-Iraq War.
The Iraqis eventually stabilised their armed forces after their retreat from Iran. The result was that the Iranians would not be able to press their determined, but futile, assaults against a resurgent Iraqi army due to Iraqi chemical weapon attacks. Iraq was supported by both the United States and the Soviet Union who saw Saddam's regime as a much better option than the revolutionary government of Iran.[2]
References
Bibliography
- The Iran-Iraq War 1980-1988; Karsh, Efraim; Osprey Publishing; 2002
