Michael I of Romania

Michael was born in the Foişor Castle, Sinaia, Romania, the son of the then-Crown Prince Carol and Princess Elena of Greece, and grandson of the then-reigning King Ferdinand I of the Romanians. When Carol eloped with his mistress Elena "Magda" Lupescu and renounced his rights to the throne in December 1925, Michael was declared the heir apparent. He succeeded to the throne upon Ferdinand's death in July 1927. In August 1927 he appeared on the cover of Time magazine: he is the longest-surviving person to have appeared on the magazine's cover.^{citation needed}

Rule

1930s and the Antonescu era

A Regency, which included his uncle, Prince Nicolae, Patriarch Miron Cristea and the country's Chief Justice (Gheorghe Buzdugan, from October 1929 on Constantin Sărăţeanu) functioned on behalf of the 5-year-old Michael.^[9] In 1930, Carol II returned to the country at the invitation of politicians dissatisfied with the Regency, and was proclaimed king by the Parliament, designating Michael as Crown Prince with the title "Grand Voievod of Alba-Iulia". In November 1939, Michael joined the Romanian Senate, as the 1938 Constitution guaranteed him a seat there upon reaching the age of eighteen.^[10] In September 1940, the pro-German anti-Bolshevik régime of Prime Minister Marshal Ion Antonescu staged a coup d'état against Carol, whom the Marshal considered anti-German. Antonescu suspended the Constitution, dissolved the Parliament, and installed the 18-year-old Michael King by popular acclaim. (Although the Constitution was restored in 1944 and Parliament in 1946, Michael did not subsequently take a formal oath or have his reign approved retroactively by Parliament.) Michael was crowned^[11] with the Steel Crown and anointed king by the Orthodox Patriarch of Romania, Nicodim Munteanu, in the Patriarchal Cathedral of Bucharest, on the day of his accession, September 6, 1940.^[12] Although Michael was titularly the Supreme Head of the Army and entitled to appoint a prime minister with full powers named "Conducător", in reality he remained a figurehead until August 23, 1944.^[13]

Turning against Nazi Germany

In 1944, World War II was going badly for the Axis powers, but the military dictator Prime Minister Marshal Ion Antonescu was still in control of Romania. As of August 1944, the Soviet conquest of Romania had become inevitable, being expected in a few months according to Encyclopedia Britannica^[14]. On August 23, 1944, Michael joined the pro-Allied politicians, a number of army officers, and armed Communist-led civilians^[15] in staging a coup against Antonescu and placed him under arrest. On the same night, the new Prime Minister, Lt. General Constantin Sănătescu, gave custody of Antonescu to the Communists, who delivered him to the Soviets on September 1.^[16]^[17] In a radio broadcast to the Romanian nation and army, Michael issued a cease-fire just as the Red Army was penetrating the Moldavian front,^[15] proclaimed Romania's loyalty to the Allies, announced the acceptance of the armistice offered by Great Britain, the United States, and the USSR, and declared war on Germany.^[18] However, this did not avert a rapid Soviet occupation and capture of about 130,000 Romanian soldiers, who were transported to the Soviet Union where many perished in prison camps.^[15] Although the country's alliance with the Nazis was ended, the coup speeded the Red Army's advance into Romania.^[15] The armistice was signed three weeks later on September 12, 1944, on terms the Soviets virtually dictated.^[15] Under the terms of the armistice, Romania recognized its defeat by the USSR and was placed under occupation of the Allied forces with the Soviets, as their representative, in control of media, communication, post, and civil administration behind the front. The coup effectively amounted to a "capitulation",^[19] an "unconditional"^[20] "surrender"^[15]^[14]. It has been suggested that the coup may have shortened World War II by six months, thus saving hundreds of thousands of lives.^[21]

Michael was the last monarch behind the Iron Curtain to lose his throne. At the end of the war, King Michael was awarded the highest degree (Chief Commander) of the Legion of Merit by U.S. President Harry S. Truman. He was also decorated with the Soviet Order of Victory by Joseph Stalin "for the courageous act of the radical change in Romania's politics towards a break-up from Hitler's Germany and an alliance with the United Nations, at the moment when there was no clear sign yet of Germany's defeat," according to the official description of the decoration.^[22] However, according to both Encyclopedia Britannica^[14] and the Albanian Communist leader Enver Hoxha,^[23] King Michael surrendered in a situation in which he could do nothing else, when the Soviet conquest had become inevitable. It is rather for his surrender that he was awarded the Order of Victory according to Hoxha.^[23]

The reign under communism

In March 1945, political pressures forced Michael to appoint a pro-Soviet government dominated by the Romanian Communist Party. Under the Communist régime Michael functioned as little more than a figurehead. Between August 1945 and January 1946, during what was later known as the "royal strike," Michael tried unsuccessfully to oppose the first Communist government led by Prime Minister Petru Groza, by refusing to sign its decrees. In response to Soviet, British, and American pressures,^[24] King Michael eventually gave up his opposition to the Communist government and stopped demanding its resignation.

He did not pardon Antonescu, who was sentenced to death for betrayal of the Romanian people for the benefit of Nazi Germany, for the economic and political subjugation of Romania to Germany, for cooperation with the Iron Guard, for murdering his political opponents, for the mass murder of civilians and crimes against peace. Nor did the King manage to save the leaders of the opposition such as Iuliu Maniu and the Bratianus,^[25] victims of Communist political trials, as the Constitution prevented him from doing so without the counter-signature of the justice minister, who was Communist Lucreţiu Pătrăşcanu. The memoirs of the King's aunt Princess Ileana^[26] quote her alleged lover,^[27] and Romania's Communist minister of defense (and Soviet spy),^[28] Emil Bodnăraş, as saying: "Well, if the King decides not to sign the death warrant, I promise that we will uphold his point of view." Princess Ileana was skeptical: "You know quite well (...) that the King will never of his free will sign such an unconstitutional document. If he does, it will be laid at your door, and before the whole nation your government will bear the blame. Surely you do not wish this additional handicap at this moment!"

Forced abdication

In November, 1947 Michael travelled to London for the wedding of the future Queen Elizabeth II, an occasion during which he met Princess Anne of Bourbon-Parma, who was to become his wife. According to Romanian royalists, King Michael did not want to return home, but Americans and Britons present at the wedding encouraged him to do so;^[29] Winston Churchill is said to have counseled Michael to return because "above all things, a King must be courageous." According to his own account,^[30] King Michael rejected any offers of asylum and decided to return to Romania.

However, on December 30 of the same year, Michael was forced to abdicate Romania's throne. Later the same day, the Communists announced the abolition of the monarchy and its replacement by a People's Republic, broadcasting the King's pre-recorded radio proclamation^[31] of his own abdication. On January 3, 1948, Michael was forced to leave the country, followed^[32] over a week later by Princesses Elisabeth and Ileana, who collaborated so closely with the Russians that they became known as the King's "Red Aunts."^[33]

There are several accounts as to why Michael abdicated. As recounted by Michael himself, the Communist prime-minister Petru Groza had threatened him at gun point^[34]^[35]^[36]^[37] and blackmailed him that the government was to shoot 1,000 arrested students if Michael didn't abdicate.^[38] In an interview with The New York Times from 2007, Michael recalls the events: “It was blackmail. They said, ‘If you don’t sign this immediately we are obliged’ — why obliged I don’t know — 'to kill more than 1,000 students' that they had in prison.”^[7] According to Time magazine,^[1] the Communist government threatened Michael that it would arrest thousands and steep the country in blood if he did not abdicate.

According to the Albanian Communist leader Enver Hoxha,^[42] who recounts his conversations with the Romanian Communist leaders on the king's abdication, Michael was threatened with a pistol by the Romanian Communist Party leader Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej rather than Petru Groza so as to abdicate. He was allowed to leave the country accompanied by some of his entourage and, as confirmed also by the Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev recounting Dej's confessions,^[43] with whatever properties he desired, including gold and rubies.^[42] Hoxha does say in his book that the Romanian Communist leaders had threatened Michael with their loyal army troops, which had encircled the royal palace and its troops loyal to Michael.

According to Time magazine,^[44] in early 1948 there had been negotiations between King Michael and the Communist government over the properties he left behind in Romania and those negotiations delayed his denunciation of the abdication as illegal.

There are reports^[45]^[46]^[47]^[48]^[49] that Romanian Communist authorities, obedient to Stalin, allowed King Michael to part with 42 valuable Crown-owned paintings in November 1947, so that he would leave Romania faster.^[47] Some of these paintings^[50] were reportedly sold through the famed art dealer Daniel Wildenstein. One of the paintings belonging to the Romanian Crown which was supposedly taken out of the country by King Michael in November 1947, returned to Romania in 2004 as a donation ^[51]^[45]^[52] made by John Kreuger, the former husband of King Michael's daughter Princess Irina.

In 2005 Romanian Prime Minister Călin Popescu-Tăriceanu^[53] denied these accusations about Michael, stating that the Romanian government has no proof of any such action by King Michael and that, prior to 1949, the government had no official records of any artwork taken over from the former royal residences. However, according to some historians, such records existed as early as April 1948, having been, in fact, officially published in June 1948.^[54]

According to Ivor Porter's authorized biography,^[55] "Michael of Romania: The King and The Country" (2005), which quotes Queen-Mother Helen's daily diary, the Romanian royals took out paintings belonging to the Romanian Royal Crown on their November 1947 trip to London to the wedding of the future Queen Elizabeth II; two of these paintings, signed by El Greco, were sold in 1976.

According to recently declassified Foreign Office documents, when he left Romania, Michael's only assets amounted to 500,000 Swiss francs.^[56] Recently declassified Soviet transcripts of talks between Joseph Stalin and the Romanian Prime-Minister Petru Groza^[57]^[58] show that shortly before his abdication, King Michael received from the Communist government assets amounting to 500,000 Swiss francs. King Michael, however, repeatedly denied^[59] ^[60] ^[61] that the Communist government had allowed him to take into exile any financial assets or valuable goods besides four personal automobiles loaded on two train cars.

Life after the throne

In January 1948,^[1] Michael began using one of his family's ancestral titles, "Prince of Hohenzollern,"^[2]^[62] instead of using the title of "King of Romania." After denouncing his abdication as forced and illegal in March 1948, Michael resumed use of the kingly title.

In June 1948 he married Princess Anne of Bourbon-Parma in Athens, Greece. They lived first in Britain and later settled in Switzerland. The Communist Romanian authorities stripped him of his Romanian citizenship in 1948. He became a commercial pilot and worked for an aircraft equipment company. He and his wife have five daughters.

In 1992, three years after the revolution which overthrew the Communist dictatorship, the Romanian government allowed Michael to return to his country for Easter celebrations, where he drew large crowds. In Bucharest over a million people turned out to see him.^[63] Michael's popularity alarmed the government of President Ion Iliescu so Michael was forbidden to visit Romania again for five years. In 1997, after Iliescu's defeat by Emil Constantinescu, the Romanian Government restored Michael's citizenship and again allowed him to visit the country. He now lives partly in Switzerland at Aubonne and partly in Romania, either at his Săvârşin castle in Arad county or in an official residence in Bucharest—the Elisabeta Palace—voted by the Romanian Parliament by a law concerning arrangements for former heads of state.

Both Elena and Irina have sons as well as daughters. Sofia, whose marriage was not accepted by her father, has a daughter.

However, on December 30, 2007, on the 60th anniversary of his abdication, King Michael signed the Fundamental Rules of the Royal Family of Romania,^[11]^[65] by which he designated Princess Margarita as heiress to the throne with the titles of "Crown Princess of Romania" and "Custodian of the Romanian Crown." On the same occasion, Michael also asked the Romanian Parliament that, should it consider restoring the monarchy, it should also abolish the salic law of succession.

Political positions

Michael has not encouraged monarchist agitation in Romania and royalist parties have made little impact in post-Communist Romanian politics. He takes the view that the restoration of the monarchy in Romania can only result from a decision by the Romanian people. "If the people want me to come back, of course, I will come back," he said in 1990. "Romanians have had enough suffering imposed on them to have the right to be consulted on their future." King Michael's belief is that there is still a role for, and value to, the monarchy today: "We are trying to make people understand what the Romanian monarchy was and what it can still do".^[66]

Michael has undertaken some quasi-diplomatic roles on behalf of post-Communist Romania. In 1997 and 2002 he toured Western Europe, lobbying for Romania's admission into NATO and the European Union, and was received by heads of state and government officials.

In December 2003, to the stupefaction of the public opinion in Romania,^[67]^[68] Michael awarded the "Man of The Year 2003"^[69] prize to the then Prime Minister Adrian Năstase, leader of the PSD party, on behalf of the tabloid^[70] "VIP." The daily "Evenimentul Zilei" subsequently complained that such an activity was unsuited to a king and that Michael was wasting away his prestige, the majority of the political analysts considering his gesture as a fresh abdication.^[67]

Personality and personal interests

Michael has had a reputation for taciturnity. He once said to his grandmother, "I have learned not to say what I feel, and to smile at those I most hate."

Michael is passionate about cars,^[74] especially military jeeps.^[75]^[76] He is also interested in airplanes,^[77] having worked as a commercial flight pilot^[78] during his exile.

Ancestors

Contents

Early life