Mass customization
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Mass customization, in marketing, manufacturing, and management, is the use of flexible computer-aided manufacturing systems to produce custom output. Those systems combine the low unit costs of mass production processes with the flexibility of individual customization.

The concept of mass customization is attributed to Stan Davis in Future Perfect[1] and was defined by Tseng and Jiao (2001, p. 685) as "producing goods and services to meet individual customer's needs with near mass production efficiency". Kaplan and Haenlein (2006, pp. 168–182) concurred, calling it "a strategy that creates value by some form of company-customer interaction at the fabrication / assembly stage of the operations level to create customized products with production cost and monetary price similar to those of mass-produced products".

Contents

Variants

Joseph Pine II (1992) described four types of mass customization:

  • Collaborative customization - firms talk to individual customers to determine the precise product offering that best serves the customer's needs (see personalized marketing and personal marketing orientation). This information is then used to specify and manufacture a product that suits that specific customer. For example, some clothing companies will manufacture blue jeans to fit an individual customer.
  • Adaptive customization - firms produce a standardized product, but this product is customizable in the hands of the end-user (the customers alter the product themselves)
  • Transparent customization - firms provide individual customers with unique products, without explicitly telling them that the products are customized. In this case there is a need to accurately assess customer needs.
  • Cosmetic customization - firms produce a standardized physical product, but market it to different customers in unique ways.

He suggested a business model, "the 8.5-figure-path", a process going from invention to mass production to continuous improvement to mass customization and back to invention.

Implementation

Many implementations of mass customization are operational today, such as software-based product configurators which make it possible to add and/or change functionalities of a core product or to build fully custom enclosures from scratch. This degree of mass customization has only seen limited adoption, however. If an enterprise's marketing department offers individual products (atomic market fragmentation) it doesn't often mean that a product is produced individually, but rather that similar variants of the same mass produced item are available.

Companies which have succeeded with mass-customization business models tend to supply purely electronic products. However, these are not true "mass customizers" in the original sense, since they do not offer an alternative to mass production of material goods.

Companies in which the production of tangible goods and services is immediately directed by consumer demand include:

  • Dell's "build-to-order" model facilitated its rise to dominance in the PC direct-purchase industry.
  • The Architectural Skylight Company is a Maine firm that uses CAD to automate the production of windows to architects' specifications.[2]
  • TreasureKnit.com is a company that sells customized woven and knitted photo products. A Customer submits a photograph when they place an order and TreasureKnit.com weaves or knits the photo into a blanket, tapestry, pillow or towel.
  • Companies throughout the tourism industry have been offering package holiday alternatives through mass customization.
  • Brooklyn-based customized clothing company Neighborhoodies offers hand-stitched or industrially heat-pressed text and images on a variety of apparel through their website and is frequently credited with spawning the customized clothing trend of the early 2000s.

Notable failures

Many industries have found that lengthy supply-chains, and the economics of configurability do not allow them to economically offer mass customization. Famously, some of the early businesses attempting mass customization (e.g. in bicycle production) went out of business. In 1999 boosters of the mass customization trend proffered Cannondale as the exemplar of the new model. For instance, a 1999 report[3] touted Cannondale's ability to mass customize:

"Cannondale [...] for example can configure over 8 million different frame and colour variations in its bicycles."

Although the company's subsequent bankruptcy in 2003 was blamed on other causes (including a failed attempt to enter the motorsports [4]) the mass customization "revolution" certainly failed to save it, and it was dropped as a role model by some business gurus. Other business consultants used the company's business model as an example whilst it was out of business; see "The Dilbert Future" for a satirical reference.

References

  1. ^ Mass Customisation - Overview
  2. ^ ArchitectureWeek - Tools - Mass Customization - 2005.0420
  3. ^ http://www.smeal.psu.edu/ebrc/publications/res_papers/1999_06.pdf
  4. ^ Cannondale Files for Bankruptcy
  • Tseng, M.M. & Jiao, J. (2001), Mass Customization, in: Handbook of Industrial Engineering, Technology and Operation Management (3rd ed.), ISBN 0-471-33057-4 
  • Kaplan, A.M & Haenlein, M (2006), "Toward a parsimonious definition of traditional and electronic mass customization", Journal of product innovation management 23(2) 
  • Pine II, J. (1992), Mass Customization: The New Frontier in Business Competition, ISBN 0-87584-946-6 
  • Noguchi, M. & Hernàndez-Velasco, C.R. (2005), "A 'mass custom design' approach to upgrading conventional housing development in Mexico", Habitat International 29(2) 
  • Duarte, J.P. (2001) "Customizing Mass Housing: a discursive grammar for Siza's houses at Malagueira", PhD Dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology

See also

External links
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