Kennet and Avon Canal
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The canal at Bathampton, near Bath

The Kennet and Avon Canal is a canal in southern England. The name may refer to either the route of the original Kennet and Avon Canal Company, which linked the River Kennet at Newbury to the River Avon at Bath, or to the entire navigation between the River Thames at Reading and the Floating Harbour at Bristol, including the earlier improved river navigations of the River Kennet between Reading and Newbury and the River Avon between Bath and Bristol.^[1]

The River Kennet was made navigable to Newbury in 1723, and the River Avon to Bath in 1727. The canal between Newbury and Bath opened in 1810 and is 57 miles (92 km) long. The two river navigations and the canal total 87 miles (140 km) in length.^[1]

In the later 19th century and early 20th century the canal fell into disuse following competition from the Great Western Railway, who owned the canal. In the latter half of the 20th century the canal was restored, largely by volunteers, and today is a popular heritage tourism destination, for boating, canoeing, fishing, walking and cycling. It is also important for wildlife conservation.

The section from Bristol to Bath is the course of the River Avon, which flows through a wide valley and has been made navigable by a series of locks and weirs. In Bath the canal separates from the river but follows its valley as far as Bradford on Avon. The ornate Bath Locks lead to a stretch through Limpley Stoke valley with few locks. The flight of locks at Devizes raises the canal to its longest pound, which then ascends the 4 Wooton Rivers locks to the short summit pound which includes the Bruce Tunnel. Pumping stations are used to supply the canal with water. The canal continues through the rural landscape of Wiltshire and Berkshire before joining the River Kennet at Newbury and becoming a navigable river to Reading, where it flows into the River Thames.

The Kennet and Avon Canal. The route of the canal, between Newbury and Bath, is in light blue.

History

Portrait of John Rennie, 1810, by Sir Henry Raeburn

The idea of an east-west waterway link across southern England was first mooted in Elizabethan times, based on the Avon and Thames being only 3 miles (4.8 km) apart at their closest. The sea route between Bristol and London was hazardous during the 18th century and early 19th century, because Atlantic storms and the rugged coast line took their toll on the small coastal sailing ships of the day, and also because a succession of conflicts with France and her allies frequently made British cargo ships navigating the English channel the prey of both privateers and warships of the French navy.^[2]

Although plans had been discussed for a canal, no action was taken until the early 18th century when the Avon navigation from Bristol to Bath and the Kennet navigation through Reading were built to meet local needs, independently of each other but both under the supervision of surveyor-engineer John Hore. In 1788 the so-called "Western Canal" was proposed to improve trade and communication links to towns such as Hungerford, Marlborough, Calne, Chippenham and Melksham, although there were doubts about the adequacy of the water supply. In 1793 a further survey was conducted by John Rennie and the route changed to a more southerly course through Great Bedwyn, Devizes, Trowbridge and Newbury. This was accepted by the Kennet and Avon Canal Company, chaired by Charles Dundas, and on 17 April 1794 the Kennet and Avon Canal Act received the Royal assent and construction began. The canal opened in 1810, after 16 years of construction, including Dundas and Avoncliff aqueducts, locks, and pumping stations at Claverton and Crofton, needed to overcome water supply problems. The final engineering feat was the completion of the Caen Hill locks at Devizes.^[3]

The opening of the Great Western Railway in 1841 removed much of the canal's traffic, and in 1852 the railway company took over its running, levying high tolls at every toll point until the canal was hardly used. The Somerset Coal Canal and Wilts and Berks Canal, which supplied some of the trade from the Somerset coalfield to the Kennet and Avon, closed in 1904 and 1906 respectively.

During the Second World War, a large number of concrete bunkers known as pillboxes were built as part of the GHQ Line to defend against an expected German invasion, and many of these are still visible.^[4]

By the 1950s large portions of the canal were closed because of poor lock maintenance. In 1956 the Kennet and Avon Canal Trust successfully petitioned against its legal closure. In 1963 the newly formed British Waterways took over the canal and began restoration work.^[4]

The Kennet and Avon Canal Trust was formed in the 1960s to restore the canal from Reading to Bristol as a through navigation and as a public amenity. In partnership with British Waterways and the riparian local authorities the Trust has continued to work to safeguard the navigation. In 1990 Queen Elizabeth II reopened the canal. In 1996 the ongoing problem of water shortage was resolved when new backpumps were installed at the flight of 29 locks at Caen Hill in Devizes at a cost of £1 million. The pumps raise water 235 feet (72 m) at a rate of 300,000 imperial gallons per hour (380 l/s). The Kennet & Avon Canal Partnership attracted the largest single National Lottery grant awarded by the Heritage Lottery Fund, £25 million towards a £29 million project, to complete the restoration and to make it operational, sustainable and accessible for the enjoyment of future generations. The restoration's completion was celebrated in May 2003 by a visit from HRH Prince Charles.^[5][6]

Canal today

Devizes wharf showing the canal museum

The canal today is a heritage tourism destination. Boating, with both narrowboats and cruisers, is popular, particularly in the summer months, with privately owned craft and hire boats from the range of marinas being much in evidence, and there are numerous canoe clubs along the its length. The Devizes to Westminster International Canoe Marathon is held annually starting from Devizes Wharf, the site of the Kennet & Avon Canal Museum, at first light on Good Friday each year and the competitors have to negotiate 75 locks in the 125-mile (201 km) route between Devizes and the finish at Westminster.^[7] The winning time is usually around 17½ hours.^[8]

Cycling is permitted along the canal towpath except for a 656 yards (600 m) section near Woolhampton. Some sections of the canal towpath have been improved to provide a wider path that is more suitable for cyclists and disabled users. Under a partnership arrangement involving British Waterways, Sustrans and the riparian Local Authorities, two main sections of the canal have been improved, and, with a few short diversions, run from Reading to Marsh Benham and from Devizes to Bath as part of the National Cycle Network (NCN) Route 4.^[9] Fishing for bream, tench, roach, rudd, perch, gudgeon, pike and carp is permitted throughout the year from the towpath of the canal, but almost the whole length of the canal is leased to angling associations or fishing clubs. There are a variety of riverside public housess, shops and tea rooms. The Kennet and Avon Canal Trust also operates shops and tearooms at; Aldermaston Lock, Newbury Wharf, Crofton Pumping Station, Devizes and Bradford on Avon.^[10]

An angler displays his catch, at the top of the Caen Hill Locks, in Devizes

The canal is also important for wildlife conservation, with a variety of birds including herons and kingfishers, small vertebrate and invertebrate animals, and reeds and other plant life along the edges of the canal. Over 100 different species of bird have been recorded in surveys over the length of the canal.^[11] Of those, 38 could be classified as specialist waterway birds with 14 species confirmed as breeding, including sand martins (Riparia riparia), which nest in drain-pipes in the brick walls of the canal in the centre of Reading.^[12] The rare reed bunting (Emberiza schoeniclus) is found at various places along the canal. Wilton Water by Crofton locks and the Kennet Valley gravel pits provide habitats for breeding and wintering waterfowl. The red kite (Milvus milvus) has also been seen in Great Bedwyn. Several Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI), which exhibit great bio-diversity, are along the canal. Key sites that are home to several rare species include the Aldermaston Gravel Pits,^[13][14] Woolhampton^[15] and Thatcham Reed Beds^[16][17] and Freeman's Marsh, Hungerford.^[18] There are also many non-statutory nature reserves throughout the length of the canal. Several species of odonata (dragonflies and damselflies) have also been identified. Measures to preserve and create water vole (Arvicola amphibius or A. terrestrisis) habitat have had considerable impact on the restoration of the canal, and new "vole-friendly" techniques of bank protection have been developed.^[19]

Bristol to Bath

Kennet and Avon Canal - Bristol to Bath

legend to Netham Lock & Bristol Harbour A4174 1 Hanham Lock Mooring limit of tidal water River Chew 2 Keynsham Lock A4175 Mooring Portavon Marina 3 Swineford Lock 4 Saltford Lock Bristol Boats Bristol & Bath Railway Path 5 Kelston Lock Saltford Marina Bristol & Bath Railway Path Bath Marina 6 Weston Lock Mooring Bristol Avon 194 A4 overpass 7-13 Bath Locks Bath Narrowboats 70ft Cleveland Tunnel Sydney Gardens Tunnel to Devizes

Weir at Swineford

The Floating Harbour in Bristol is a 70-acre (0.28 km²) harbour created by installing lock gates on a tidal stretch of the River Avon in the centre of the city, given the name Floating Harbour because it is unaffected by tides. The harbour branches from the navigable River Avon at Netham Lock in east Bristol. The first mile of the harbour is the artificial Feeder Canal, the river following its original route. Beside Bristol Temple Meads railway station the harbour rejoins the original route of the Avon and meanders through, Bristol city centre, Canon's Marsh and Hotwells, where it rejoins the river and flows into the Avon Gorge. Between Temple Meads and Hotwells, never more than a kilometre south of the harbour, the Avon flows through the artificial New Cut, reducing currents and silting in the harbour and preventing flooding. East of Netham Lock is the Avon Navigation, which continues upstream for 12 miles (19.31 km) as far as Bath. The river Avon was navigable from Bristol to Bath during the early years of the 13th century but construction of mills on the river forced its closure.^[1] The first cargo of "Deal boards, Pig-Lead and Meal" arrived in Bath in December 1727.^[3] The stretch is made navigable by the use of locks and weirs at Hanham, Keynsham, Swineford, Saltford, Kelston and Weston, which together overcome a rise of 30 feet (9.15 m).^[4]

Pulteney weir

The Avon is navigable from its mouth at Avonmouth as far as Pulteney weir in the centre of Bath. The Kennet and Avon Canal connects with the Avon just below this weir and Bath Locks. Together with the Kennet Navigation and the River Thames it provides a through route for canal boats from Bristol to London.

Several areas along this stretch have been designated as Sites of Special Scientific Interest, including; Bickley Wood,^[20] Cleeve Wood, Hanham,^[21] Stidham Farm near Keynsham,^[22] and Newton Saint Loe (for geological reasons as it represents the only remaining known exposure of fossiliferous Pleistocene gravels along the River Avon).^[23]

Bath to Devizes

Cleveland House and a cast iron bridge in Sydney Gardens, Bath

Kennet and Avon Canal - Bath to Devizes

legend From Bath & Bristol Mooring 70ft 70ft Mooring Claverton Pumping Station Somerset Coal Canal (disused) Dundas Aqueduct Dundas Aqueduct 70ft Avoncliff Aqueduct Avoncliff Aqueduct 14 Bradford Lock Mooring Bradford Marina/Sally Boats Biss Aqueduct Ladydown Aqueduct Hilperton Marina 70ft Semington Aqueduct Wilts and Berks Canal (disused) 15-16 Semington Locks New Semington Aqueduct, A350 17-21 Seend Locks (flight of 5) 146 A365 overpass Summerham Aqueduct Mooring Foxhangers 22-50 Caen Hill Locks (flight of 29) 142 A361 overpass 141 A342 overpass Devizes Wharf Kennet & Avon Canal Museum Devizes Marina to Newbury

Bath Locks mark the divergence of the River Avon and the canal, 656 yards (600 m) south of Pulteney Bridge.^[24] Alongside the bottom lock are a side pound and a pumping station that pumps water up the locks to replace that used each time the lock is opened.^[25] The next stage of Bath Deep Lock is numbered 8/9 as two locks were combined when the canal was restored in 1976.^[26] The new chamber has a depth of 19 feet 5 inches (5.92 m), making it Britain's deepest canal lock.^[3] Just above the 'deep lock' is an area of water enabling the lock to refill and above this is Wash House Lock,^[27] followed by Abbey View Lock,^[28] by which there is another pumping station and, in quick succession, Pultney Lock and Bath Top Lock.^[29]

Above the top lock the canal passes through Sydney Gardens including two short tunnels^[30][31] and under two cast iron footbridges dating from 1800. Cleveland tunnel is 173 feet (52.73 m) long and runs under Cleveland House, the former headquarters of the Kennet and Avon Canal Company. A trap-door in the tunnel roof was used to pass paperwork between clerks above and bargees below.^[4] This is now a grade II* listed building.^[32] Many of the bridges over the canal are also listed buildings.^{[33][34][35][36][37][38][39]}

Dundas Aqueduct, built in 1805, lies between Bradford on Avon and Bath. Here the canal crosses high above the River Avon and the railway line (the narrowing is the aqueduct).

In the Avon Valley to the east of Bath the classic geographical example of a valley with all four forms of ground transport is found: road, rail, river, canal. The canal passes the remains of a loading dock, used in the past for Bath Stone from the quarries on Bathampton Down which was carried down a straight track to the canal over the Dry Arch rock bridge (demolished in 1958 to allow double-decker buses to use the A36). Next, the canal passes Claverton Pumping Station, which pumped water from the River Avon into the canal, and then crosses over the river and railway at the Dundas Aqueduct and back over them again at the Avoncliff Aqueduct. At the western end of the Dundas Aqueduct the canal is joined by the remains of the Somerset Coal Canal, of which a short stretch has been restored to form the Brassknocker Basin.^[40]

The first sod for the Kennet and Avon Canal was turned in Bradford on Avon in 1794 and soon afterwards there were wharves above and below Bradford Lock.^[3] Next to the canal, a little way west of the lock, is a huge 14th-century tithe barn.^[41] Further east are swing bridges, Semington Locks in the little village of Semington, where the Wilts and Berks Canal joined, and Seend.

This section of the canal passes through agricultural land with occasional woodlands. Several sites on, or very close to, the canal have been designated by English Nature as Sites of Special Scientific Interest, including Brown's Folly,^[42][43] Gripwood Quarry^[44] and Inwood, Warleigh.^[45]

Devizes to Newbury

Kennet and Avon Canal - Devizes to Newbury

legend From Devizes 114 A345 51 Wootton Rivers Bottom Lock 52 Heathy Close Lock 53 Brimslade Lock 54 Wootton Top Lock Summit pound 104 A346 overpass Summit pound Bruce Tunnel 502 yards (459 m) Great Western Railway Bruce Tunnel 502 yards (459 m) Summit pound 70ft 55-63 Crofton Locks Crofton Pumping Station Wilton Water 64 Bedwyn Church Lock 70ft Bruce Trust 65 Burnt Mill Lock 66 Potter's Lock 67 Little Bedwyn Lock 70ft 68 Oakhill Down Lock 69 Froxfield Middle Lock 70 Froxfield Bottom Lock 70ft