Isnad
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A hadith was originally just an Arabic story. As the stories began to be used formally it became common to provide their chain of transmitters, or isnad (Arabic: إسناد‎). The story proper was then called the matn.

Use

The isnad for a story is the list of citations for successive narrators reaching back to the original narrator. Later even books were provided with isnads.

In more recent times the nomenclature - hadith, isnad and matn - has become restricted to mean those stories for which the original narrator was Muhammad or the original narrator told a story involving Muhammad.

Stories about earlier days were commonplace in Arabia long before the time of Muhammad. If a story-teller was speaking about an earlier generation he might well name who told him the story. In the earliest surviving Arabic literature about Islamic origins (from around 150/767) the conventional isnad was three terms long. As time went on the isnads got longer.

In the earliest literature the original narrator or his interest was as often as not some one other than the prophet. But when following his grand-master, Abu Hanifah through his stepfather and eventual master Abu Yusuf and his co-disciple Muhammad Shaybani - and in contrast with his earlier master, Malik - al-Shafi'i (died 204/820) convinced everyone that the only acceptable legal precedences were those demonstrably coming from Muhammad, the focus changed to those hadiths which could be proven to have come from Muhammad himself. Moreover because each hadith was a potential Islamic legal precedent the authenticity of each hadith became a matter of crucial importance.

One important element in determining the authenticity of a hadith was the reliability of the individual narrators who were named in the isnad. Specialized biographical studies called Ilm ar-Rijal were made to determine how trustworthy each narrator was and, using that information, how authentic each hadith was.

Scholars emerged who devoted their lives to checking each narrator in the isnad. They asked about the narrators like:

• Are these individuals reliable reporters?
• Could these individuals have met, given where they were in time and space?
• Is there any record of their meeting or collaborating or having any common interests?
• Are the individuals of sound morals and not motivated by politics, local tradition, ideology, money or factional concerns of sects?

At the same time would ask about the authenticity such questions as:

• Is the reported tradition logically consistent? Is it actually rational?
• Does it linguistically reflect the words of Muhammad, in his vocabulary?
• Is the vocabulary consistent with Classical Arabic?
• Does the vocabulary include terms used by clergy but never by Muhammad himself (for example, the word sunnah)?
• Does the reported tradition agree with the Qur'an?
• Is it the kind of matter or thing which we can reasonably believe Muhammad to have said?

It is not very clear just how many hadiths, good and bad, there are. Most likely they would be counted in the millions. These scholars categorized all (or all they could find) of these hadiths as authentic, agreeable, weak, narrated by a weak source, missing a transmitter, provably false, etc.

References

See also

• Ijazah