International Phonetic Alphabet for English
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International
Phonetic Alphabet

History
Nonstandard symbols
Extensions to the IPA
Naming conventions
IPA for English

This concise chart shows the most common applications of the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) to represent English language pronunciations.

See Pronunciation respelling for English for phonetic transcriptions used in different dictionaries.

Note: An image of the chart is also available.
IPA Examples
IPA: English Consonants
p, pʰ pen, spin, tip
b but, web
t, tʰ[3] two, sting, bet
d[4] do, odd
tʃʰ chair, nature, teach
dʒ gin, joy, edge
k, kʰ cat, kill, skin, queen, unique, thick
ɡ go, get, beg
f fool, enough, leaf, off, photo
v voice, have, of
θ[5] thing, teeth
ð[6] this, breathe, father
s see, city, pass
z zoo, rose
ʃ she, sure, emotion, leash
ʒ pleasure, beige, seizure
x Scottish loch[7]
h ham
m man, ham
n no, tin
ŋ ringer, sing,[8] finger, drink
l, ɫ[9] left, bell
ɹ, ɹʷ run, very[10]
w we, queen
j yes
ʍ what[11]
 
IPA: Marginal Sounds
ʔ uh-(ʔ)oh
IPA Examples
Australia
AuE		 Canada
CaE		 United States
GA		 Ireland
IrE		 New Zealand
NZE		 England
RP		 Scotland
ScE		 South Africa
SAE		 Wales
WaE		 compro-
mise		 Lexical
set
IPA: English Vowels
æ,
æː[12]		 æ/a æ ɛ æ a a æ TRAP lad, bad, cat[13]
aː ɑ/ɒ ɑ ɑː ɐː ɑː aː ɑː PALM father
ɔ ɑ ɒ ɒ ɔ ɒ ɒ LOT not, wasp
oː ɔ ɔː oː ɔː ɒː ɔː THOUGHT law, caught[14], all, halt, talk
ə ə ə ɘ ə ə ə ə COMMA about
ɨ ɨ ɪ ɨ ɨ ɨ English
ɪ ɪ ɪ ɪ ɪ ɪ ɪ ɪ KIT sit
i i i i i i iː i HAPPY city
iː iː iː iː iː FLEECE see
eː meat
æɪ e eɪ æe eɪ e eː eɪ FACE date
ei day, pain, whey, rein
e ɛ ɛ ɛ e ɛ ɛ ɛ ɛ DRESS bed[15]
ɜː(ɹ) ɝ/ɹ̩ ɝ/ɹ̩ ʌɾ[16] ɵː(ɹ) ɜː(ɹ) ʌɾ[16] ɜː(ɾ) ɜr NURSE burn
ɛɾ[16] ɛɾ[16] herd, earth
ɪɾ[16] ɪɾ[16] bird
aː(ɹ) ɑɹ ɑɹ ɐː(ɹ) ɑː(ɹ) aɾ aː(ɾ) ɑr START arm, car
a ʌ ʌ ɔ, ʊ ɐ ʌ ʌ ɜ ʌ STRUT run, won, flood
ʊ ʊ ʊ ʊ ʊ ʉ ʊ ʊ FOOT put
uː hood
ʉː u u ʉː uː uː uː GOOSE soon, through
ə(ɹ) ɚ/ɹ̩ ɚ/ɹ̩ ɘ(ɹ) ə(ɹ) əɾ ə(ɾ) ər LETTER winner[17]
ɑe aɪ,
ʌɪ[18]		 aɪ,
ʌɪ		 ɔɪ ɑe aɪ aɪ ai aɪ PRICE my, wise, high
oɪ ɔɪ ɔɪ oe ɔɪ oi ɒi ɔɪ CHOICE boy, hoist
əʉ o oʊ oː ɐʉ əʊ o oː oʊ GOAT no, toe, soap
ou tow, soul, roll, cold, folk
æɔ aʊ,
ʌʊ[18]		 aʊ æo aʊ aʊ au aʊ MOUTH now, trout
jʉː (j)u (j)u juː jʉː juː jʉ ɪu juː - cute, few, dew
ɪə(ɹ) ɪɹ ɪɹ iə(ɹ) ɪə(ɹ) iɾ ɪə(ɾ) ɪər NEAR deer, here
eː(ɹ) ɛɹ ɛɹ eə(ɹ) eə(ɹ)[19] eɾ ɛː(ɾ) ɛər SQUARE mare, there, bear
oː(ɹ) ɔɹ ɔɹ ɑɾ oː(ɹ) ɔː(ɹ) ɔɾ ɒː(ɾ) ɔr NORTH sort, warm
oɹ, ɔɹ oːɾ oɾ oː(ɾ) ɔər FORCE tore, boar, port
ʊə(ɹ),
ʉːə(ɹ)		 ʊɹ ʊɹ ʊɐ(ɹ),
ʉːə(ɹ)		 ʊə(ɹ)[20] uɾ ʊə(ɾ) ʊər CURE tour
jʊə(ɹ),
jʉːə(ɹ)		 jʊɹ, jɝ jʊɹ, jɝ jʊɐ(ɹ),
jʉːə(ɹ)		 jʊə(ɹ),
jɔ:(ɹ)		 juɾ ɪʊə(ɾ) jʊər - pure, Europe
Australia
AuE		 Canada
CaE		 United States
GA		 Ireland
IrE		 New Zealand
NZE		 England
RP		 Scotland
ScE		 South Africa
SAE		 Wales
WaE		 compro-
mise		 Lexical
set		 Examples
IPA: Other symbols used in transcription of English pronunciation
IPA Explanation
ˈ Primary stress indicator (placed before the stressed syllable); for example, rapping /ˈɹæpɪŋ/
ˌ Secondary stress/full vowel indicator (placed before the stressed syllable); for example, battleship /ˈbætl̩ˌʃɪp/
. Syllable separation indicator; for example, ice cream /ˈaɪs.krim/ vs. I scream /aɪ.ˈskrim/
 ̩ Syllabic consonant indicator (placed under the syllabic consonant); for example, ridden /ˈɹɪdn̩/

Notes

  1. ^ Harrington, J., F. Cox, and Z. Evans (1997). "An acoustic phonetic study of broad, general, and cultivated Australian English vowels". Australian Journal of Linguistics 17: 155–84. 
  2. ^ Roach & 2004 (241-243). See Pronunciation respelling for English#International Phonetic Alphabet for the alternative system devised by Clive Upton for Oxford University Press dictionaries.
  3. ^ Pronounced [ɾ] in some positions in GA, [ʔ] in some positions in English English, and [t̞] non-initially in Irish.
  4. ^ Pronounced [ɾ] in some positions in GA.
  5. ^ Pronounced [t̪] in some varieties of Irish and merges with /f/ in some varieties of English English.
  6. ^ Pronounced [d̪] in some varieties of Irish and merges with /v/ in some varieties of English English.
  7. ^ Marginal elsewhere.
  8. ^ In some dialects (e.g. Brummie) "ringer", "sing" etc are pronounced with an additional /ɡ/, like "finger": /ˈɹɪŋɡə/ rather than /ˈɹɪŋə/
  9. ^ [ɫ] does not occur in Irish English, and [l] does not occur in Australian or Scottish English.
  10. ^ The tap [ɾ] is found in some varieties of Scottish and Irish.
  11. ^ Some dialects, such as Scottish, Irish, and much of the American South; see whine and wine and voiceless labiovelar approximant
  12. ^ See bad-lad split for this distinction.
  13. ^ Often transcribed /a/ for RP, for example in dictionaries of the Oxford University Press.
  14. ^ See low back merger for more discussion of this vowel in American English.
  15. ^ Often transcribed /e/ for RP, for example in Collins English Dictionary.
  16. ^ a b c d e f See Fern-fir-fur merger for this distinction.
  17. ^ Sometimes transcribed for GA as [əɹ], especially in transcriptions that represent both rhotic and non-rhotic pronunciations, as [ə(ɹ)].
  18. ^ a b In Canadian English, the raised diphthongs /ʌɪ/ and /ʌʊ/ are found before voiceless consonants, as in right /ɹʌɪt/ and out /ʌʊt/; in other environments, /aɪ/ and /aʊ/ are used. See Canadian raising.
  19. ^ Alternative symbols used in British dictionaries are /ɛː/ (Oxford University Press) and /ɛə/.
  20. ^ >Roach & 2004 (241-243), pp. 21-22, 25-26. Roach notes that many people in England use /ɔːɹ/ for this vowel, but the RP is to distinguish between more /mɔːɹ/ and moor /mʊəɹ/, tore /tɔːɹ/ and tour /tʊəɹ/, pour /pɔːɹ/ and poor /pʊəɹ/.

See also

References

External links
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