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| Halkomelem Halq'eméylem, Hul'qumi'num', Hǝn'q'ǝmin'ǝm' |
||
|---|---|---|
| Spoken in: | Canada, United States | |
| Region: | Southern British Columbia into northern Washington | |
| Total speakers: | 200 | |
| Language family: | Salishan Coast Salish Halkomelem |
|
| Language codes | ||
| ISO 639-1: | none | |
| ISO 639-2: | sal | |
| ISO 639-3: | hur | |
| Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. | ||
Halkomelem (also Halq'eméylem, Hul'qumi'num', and Hǝn'q'ǝmin'ǝm') is a Coast Salishan language of the First Nations around the Fraser River and the southern end of Vancouver Island in British Columbia. Halkomelem is most closely related to Sḵwxwú7mesh snichim (Squamish), Sháshíshálh (Sechelt), and Lhéchalosem (Nooksack).
The word "Halkomelem" is an anglicization for a language with three dialects: Halq'eméylem, the dialect spoken by the upriver Stó:lō of the Fraser Valley, Hǝn'q'ǝmin'ǝm', the dialect of the downriver Stó:lō, and Hulq'umín'um', spoken by six separate but closely related First Nations in the Georgia Strait area: the Chemainus, Cowichan, Halalt, Lake Cowichan, Lyackson, and Penelakut.[1]
In 1977 Brent Galloway of the University of California, Berkeley compiled the first grammar of Upriver (Chilliwack) Halkomelem and developed the now-official Stó:lō orthography. He is currently working on a Halkomelem dictionary.
According to Galloway, some words in Halkomelem "encapsulate the whole knowledge of the culture." The language has a rich oral literature which shows a whole way of looking at the universe that is different from that of English or other European languages.
The Halkomelem language is near extinction largely due to the extensive transportation of First Nations children to residential schools. In 2000, it was estimated that the number of fluent Halkomelem speakers was less than one dozen. Language programs at the Stó:lō Nation, Seabird Island First Nation, and Cowichan First Nation have been developed to save the language. A program aimed at adults at Musqueam is a collaboration between the band and the University of British Columbia First Nations Language Program.
Contents |
Basic Halq'eméylem words and phrases
| English | Halq'eméylem [2] |
|---|---|
| Hello/Greetings | Kwéleches |
| How are you? | Lichewx we eyo |
| I am fine | Tsel we eyo |
| Thank you | Kw'as hoy |
| What is your name? | Tewat te' skwix |
| 1 | Letse |
| 2 | Isa:le |
| 3 | Lhi:xw |
| 4 | Xe'o:thels |
| 5 | Lheq'a:tses |
| 6 | T'xem |
| 7 | Tho:kws |
| 8 | Teqa:tsa |
| 9 | Tu:xw |
| 10 | O:pel |
Phonology
It tells something about how the phonology of the language contrasts with those English speakers are more likely to be used to to note that, while the word 'language' is derived from a root meaning 'tongue', the names of languages in Hul’q’umi’num are formed by appending '-qun', meaning 'throat'.
The phonology of the Hǝn'q'ǝmin'ǝm' dialect is (based on the charts at LanguageGeek):
| Bilabial | Interdental | Alveolar | Alveolar affricate | Palatal | Lateral | Velar | Labialized Velar | Uvular | Labialized Uvular | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stop | p | t | ts | tʃ | k | kʷ | q | qʷ | ʔ | ||
| Ejective | pʹ | tθʹ | tʹ | tsʹ | tɬʹ | kʷʹ | qʹ | qʷʹ | |||
| Fricative | θ | s | ʃ | ɬ | x | xʷ | χ | χʷ | h | ||
| Resonant | m | n | j | l | w | ||||||
| Glottalized Resonant | m̰ | n̰ | j̰ | l̰ | w̰ |
The vowels are /i u e ə a/, with long counterparts /iː uː eː aː/.
Peoples speaking Halkomelem
Hul'qumi'num (Hul’q’umi’num’: Island dialect)
- Penelakut First Nation
- Nanoose First Nation
- Somena
- Halalt First Nation
- Lyackson First Nation
- Malahat First Nation
- Snuneymuxw First Nation
- Cowichan Tribes
- Cowichan Lake First Nation
- Quamichan
Hunquminum (Hǝn̓q̓ǝmin̓ǝm̓: Downriver dialect)
- Tsawwassen First Nation
- Musqueam First Nation
- Kwantlen First Nation
- Coquitlam First Nation
- Katzie First Nation
Halqemeylem (Halq’eméylem: Upriver dialect)
- Matsqui First Nation
- Sumas First Nation
- Lakahahmen Lake First Nation
- Scowlitz First Nation
- Skwah First Nation
- Seabird Island First Nation
- Yale First Nation
- Tsakuam First Nation
- Union Bar First Nation
- Chawathil First Nation
- Skawahlook First Nation
- Skwah First Nation
- Ohamil First Nation
- Peters First Nation
- Popkum First Nation
- Cheam First Nation
- Skway First Nation
- Squiala First Nation
- Aitchelitz First Nation
- Kwawkwawapilt First Nation
- Yakweakwioose First Nation
- Skowkale First Nation
- Tzeachten First Nation
- Soowahlie First Nation
- Chehalis First Nation (non-Stó:lō)
See also
External links
- Ethnologue Report for Halkomelem
- First Nations Languages of British Columbia page on Halkomelem
- Language Geek page on Halkomelem
- Status of British Columbia First Nations Languages
- Hul'q'umin'um Talking Dictionary
- Halkomelem Ethnobiology Web Site (SFU)
- Themes, thoughts, and theories on strategic planning for Hul'qumi'num language revitalization
References
- Carlson, Keith Thor, ed. 2001. A Stó:lō-Coast Salish Historical Atlas. Vancouver: Douglas & McIntyre.
- Suttles, Wayne. 2004. Musqueam Reference Grammar. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press.
- ^ Hul'quim'num Treaty Group
- ^ Halq'eméylem Language by Helen Carr, Kwantlen First Nation
