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| iSimangaliso Wetland Park* | |
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| UNESCO World Heritage Site | |
| State Party |  South Africa |
| Type | Natural |
| Criteria | vii, ix, x |
| Reference | 914 |
| Region† | Africa |
| Inscription history | |
| Inscription | 1999 (23rd Session) |
| * Name as inscribed on World Heritage List. † Region as classified by UNESCO. |
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| iSimangaliso Wetland Park | |
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| IUCN Category II (National Park) | |
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| Location | KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa |
| Nearest city | Durban, South Africa |
| Coordinates | |
| Area | 3,280 km² |
| Established | 1895 |
| Governing body | Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife |
iSimangaliso Wetland Park is situated on the east coast of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa about 275 kilometres north of Durban (). It is South Africa's third-largest protected area, spanning 280 km of coastline, from the Mozambican border in the north to Mapelane south of the St Lucia estuary, and made up of around 3,280 km² of pristine natural ecosystems, managed by Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife. The park includes the St Lucia Game Reserve, False Bay Park, St Lucia Marine Reserve, Sodwana Bay National Park, Maputaland Marine Reserve, Cape Vidal, Ozabeni, Mfabeni, Tewate Wilderness Area and Mkuze Game Reserve. The park was previously known as the Greater St. Lucia Wetland Park, but was renamed effective from 1 November 2007. The word 'isimangaliso' is Zulu for 'a marvel'.
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Ecosystems
Like many tidal estuaries, the park has diverse wildlife reflecting the concentration of diverse ecosystems created by variations in the degree of salinity from season to season, year to year, and location to location within the park. The estuary is the largest in Africa and boasts, among other attractions, the world's largest forested sand dunes, which reach up to 180 m (600 feet). Swamps along the border of the lake, and "sponge" areas are fed by water seeping through the dunes; these provide critical refuges to freshwater life when the lake salinity is particularly high.
The park consists of five individual ecosystems. These ecosystems function totally independent yet fully integrated with each other.
The five ecosystems in the park are:
- Marine System
- Characterised by the warm Indian Ocean, containing the southernmost coral reefs in Africa, as well as sub-marine canyons and long sandy beaches.
- Eastern Shores
- A coastal dune system consisting of high linear dunes and sub-tropical forests, grassy plains and wetlands.
- Lake System
- Two estuary-linked lakes of St Lucia and Kosi Bay, plus the four large freshwater lakes of Lake Sibhayi, Ngobezeleni, Bhangazi north and Bhangazi south.
- Mkhuze and Umfolozi Swamps
- Swamp forests and extensive reeds and papyrus marshes.
- Western Shores
- Ancient shoreline terraces and dry savanna woodlands.
Wildlife
Though less well known than larger southern African parks like Kruger National Park and the Okavango Delta, St. Lucia supports more species, and for some, St. Lucia is critical habitat. These include the White-backed and Pink-backed Pelican, Greater and Lesser Flamingos, Madagascar Fish Eagles, and some 530 other bird species. It is also home to the largest population of hippopotami in South African parks. Elephants were reintroduced in 2001. Two sea turtle species use the beaches for laying eggs. The coastal reserve includes not only beaches but offshore coral reefs, and Humpback Whales migrate along this section of the coast. It is the one park in Africa where hippopotami, crocodiles, and sharks can be found all in the same area.
The park is also famous as a home to coelacanth, a fish species from millions of years ago that was known to scientists from fossil records and presumed to have been extinct until a live specimen was found in a trawler net in 1938 just off the African coast. Scientists have since found a number of these four-legged fish in very deep, rocky, marine environments, but it is still a very rare fish and protected under international law. On November 27, 2000, three living specimens of coelacanth were found and photographed in a submarine canyon off the coast near Sodwana Bay inside the St. Lucia Reserve.
History
St. Lucia was first named in 1554 as "Rio de la Medaos do Oura" ("River of the Dows of Gold") by the survivors of the Portuguese ship Saint Benedict. At this stage, only the Tugela River mouth was known as St. Lucia. Later, in 1575, the Tugela River was named Tugela. On 13 December 1575, the day of the feast of Saint Lucy, Manuel Peresterello renamed the mouth area to Santa Lucia.
- In 1822, St. Lucia was proclaimed by the British as a township.
- In 1895, St. Lucia Game Reserve, 30 km north of the town was proclaimed.
- In 1971, St. Lucia Lake and the turtle beaches and coral reefs of Maputaland have been listed by the Convention on Wetlands of International Importance (Ramsar Convention).
- In December 1999, the park was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Facts
- The park is home to 1,200 Nile Crocodiles and 800 Hippopotami.
See also
External links
- St Lucia South Africa Website
- KwaZulu-Natal Provincial Government homepage
- Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife (previous known as Natal Parks Board)
- SANParks
- Lake St Lucia
References
- St. Lucia Estuary, South Africa. NASA Earth Observatory. Retrieved on 2006-05-19.
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