Grand Duke of Tuscany
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The rulers of Tuscany have varied over time, sometimes being margraves, the rulers of handfuls of border counties and sometimes the heads of the most important family of the region.

Margraves of Tuscany, 812-1197

Bonifacii

These were originally counts of Lucca who extended their power over the neighbouring counties.

• 812-813 Boniface I
• 828-834 Boniface II
• 835-845 Aganus (not of the dynasty)
• 847-886 Adalbert I
• 886-915 Adalbert II the Rich
• 915-929 Guy
• 929-931 Lambert

House of Arles

These were the (mostly illegitimate) relatives of Hugh of Arles, King of Italy, whom he appointed to their post after removing the original dynasty.

• 931-936 Boso
• 936-961 Humbert
• 961-1001 Hugh the Great

Various

• 1004-1011 Boniface (III)
• 1014-1027 Rainier

House of Canossa

These were the descendants of the Counts of Canossa.

• 1027-1052 Boniface III (also IV)
• 1052-1055 Frederick
• 1052-1076 Beatrice as wife of Boniface III and regent for Frederick and Matilda
  • 1054-1069 Godfrey I as husband of Beatrice
  • 1069-1076 Godfrey II as husband of Matilda
• 1076-1115 Matilda
  • 1089-1095 Welf as husband of Matilda

Various

• 1120-1127 Conrad von Scheiern
• 1135-1137 Engelbert
• 1137-1139 Henry
• 1139-1152 Ulrich von Attems
• 1152-1167 Welf VI (continued to rule until 1173)
  • 1160-1163 Rainald of Dassel in opposition
  • 1163-1173 Christian of Buch as imperial vicar
• 1195-1197 Philip

Unofficial Medici Rulers of Florence, 1434-1531

• Cosimo de' Medici 1434-1464
• Piero I de' Medici 1464-1469 ("The Gouty")
• Lorenzo I de' Medici 1469-1492 ("The Magnificent")
• Giuliano de' Medici 1469-1478
• Piero II de' Medici 1492-1494
• Republic restored 1494-1512
• Cardinal Giovanni de' Medici 1512-1513
• Lorenzo II de' Medici 1513-1519
• Cardinal Giulio de' Medici 1519-1523
• Ippolito de' Medici 1523-1527
• Alessandro de' Medici 1523-1527
• Republic restored 1527-1530
• Alessandro de' Medici 1530-1531

Medici Dukes of Florence, 1531-1569

• Alessandro de' Medici 1531-1537
• Cosimo I de' Medici 1537-1569

Medici Grand Dukes of Tuscany, 1569-1737

• Cosimo I de' Medici 1569-1574
• Francesco I de' Medici 1574-1587
• Ferdinando I de' Medici 1587-1609
• Cosimo II de' Medici 1609-1621
• Ferdinando II de' Medici 1621-1670
• Cosimo III de' Medici 1670-1723
• Gian Gastone de' Medici 1723-1737

Habsburg-Lorraine Grand Dukes of Tuscany, 1737-1801

• Francis Stephen 1737-1765
• Peter Leopold I 1765-1790
• Ferdinand III 1790-1801

Bourbon Kings of Etruria, 1801-1807

• Louis I 1801-1803
• Louis II 1803-1807

Tuscany was annexed by France, 1807-1814. Napoleon's sister Elisa Bonaparte was given the honorary title of Grand Duchess of Tuscany, but did not actually rule over the region.

Habsburg-Lorraine Grand Dukes of Tuscany, 1814-1860

• Ferdinand III (restored) 1814-1824
• Leopold II 1824-1849
• provisional republic 1849
• Leopold II (restored) 1849-1859
• Ferdinand IV 1859-1860 (in exile for his entire notional reign)

Tuscany annexed by Piedmont-Sardinia, 1860

Titular Habsburg-Lorraine claimants, 1860-present

• Ferdinand IV 1860-1908
• Joseph Ferdinand 1908-1942
• Peter Ferdinand 1942-1948
• Gottfried 1948-1984
• Leopold Franz 1984-1993
• Sigismund 1993-Present

See also

• Grand Duchy of Tuscany
• History of Tuscany
• Line of succession to the Tuscan throne