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Goitrogens are substances that suppress the function of the thyroid gland by interfering with iodine uptake which can, as a result, cause an enlargement of the thyroid, i.e. a goitre.
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Goitrogenic drugs
Chemicals that have been shown to have goitrogenic effects include:
- Sulfadimethoxine, propylthiouracil, potassium perchlorate, and iopanoic acid.[1]
- Thiocyanate overload in Central Africa, especially if also in conjunction with selenium deficiency.[2] Reliance on cassava as a carbohydrate provides a source of thiocyanate in some areas.[3]
- Ions such as thiocyanate and perchlorate decrease iodide uptake by competitive inhibition and, as a consequence of reduced thyroxine and triiodothyronine secretion by the gland, cause an increased release of thyrotropin (by reduced negative feedback) which then stimulates the gland.
Goitrogenic foods
Certain foods have been identified as goitrogenic. These foods include:
- Soybeans (and soybean products such as tofu)
- Pine nuts
- Peanuts
- Millet
- Strawberries
- Peaches
- Spinach
- Bamboo shoots
- Radishes
- Horseradish
- Vegetables in the genus Brassica
- Bok choy
- Broccoli
- Broccolini (Asparations)
- Brussels sprouts
- Cabbage
- Canola
- Cauliflower
- Chinese cabbage
- Choy sum
- Collard greens
- Kai-lan (Chinese broccoli)
- Kale
- Kohlrabi
- Mizuna
- Mustard greens
- Rapeseed (yu choy)
- Rapini
- Rutabagas
- Tatsoi
- Turnips
Foods stimulating thyroid tissue
Some foods and drinks have an opposite effect on the thyroid gland--that is, they stimulate thyroid function rather than suppressing it; examples being avocado, coconut,[4] and saturated fat.[5] Indeed some studies on rats suggest that excess caffeine in conjunction with a lack of iodine may promote the formation of thyroid cancers.[6] Despite being generally a stimulant, caffeine (examples: coffee, tea, cola, chocolate) acts on thyroid function as a suppressant."Caffeine, Calcium and the Thyroid Nutritional Linkages to Thyroid Disease and Thyroid Drugs".
Footnotes
- ^ Takizawa T, Imai T, Ueda M, Onodera H, Hirose M (2006). "Comparison of enhancing effects of different goitrogen treatments in combination with beta-estradiol-3-benzoate for establishing a rat two-stage thyroid carcinogenesis model to detect modifying effects of estrogenic compounds". Cancer Sci. 97 (1): 25–31. doi:10.1111/j.1349-7006.2005.00132.x. PMID 16367917.
- ^ Vanderpas J (2006). "Nutritional epidemiology and thyroid hormone metabolism". Annu. Rev. Nutr. 26: 293–322. doi:10.1146/annurev.nutr.26.010506.103810. PMID 16704348.
- ^ Akindahunsi AA, Grissom FE, Adewusi SR, Afolabi OA, Torimiro SE, Oke OL (1998). "Parameters of thyroid function in the endemic goitre of Akungba and Oke-Agbe villages of Akoko area of southwestern Nigeria". African journal of medicine and medical sciences 27 (3-4): 239–42. PMID 10497657.
- ^ Siddhanti SR, King MW, Tove SB (1990). "Influence of dietary fat on factors in serum that regulate thyroid cell metabolism" (PDF). J. Nutr. 120 (11): 1297–304. PMID 2172489.
Thyroid hyperplasia has been demonstrated in mice:
* "Toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of coconut oil acid diethanolamine condensate (CAS No. 68603-42-9) in F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice (dermal studies)" (2001). National Toxicology Program technical report series 479: 5–226. PMID 12571684. - ^ Denice Moffat. Bad Foods for Thyroid. Retrieved on 2007-10-12.
- ^ Son HY, Nishikawa A, Kanki K, et al (2003). "Synergistic interaction between excess caffeine and deficient iodine on the promotion of thyroid carcinogenesis in rats pretreated with N-bis(2-hydroxypropyl)nitrosamine". Cancer Sci. 94 (4): 334–7. PMID 12824900.
External links
- Goitrogen page
- Goitrogen page from The World's Healthiest Foods site
See also
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