German declension
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German declension is the paradigm that German uses to define all the ways words can change shape to reflect their role in the sentence: subject, object, etc. Much like other Indo-European languages, German hangs on to a vestigial case system that marks an earlier time when the language was much more inflected. Declensions allow speakers to mark a difference between subjects, objects, indirect objects and possessives by changing the form of the word—or its associated article—instead of indicating this meaning through word order or prepositions (e.g. English, Spanish, French). As a result, German can take a much more fluid approach to word order without the meaning being obscured.

As a fusional language, German marks nouns, pronouns, articles, and adjectives to distinguish case, number, and gender.

Modern High German distinguishes between four cases—nominative, accusative, dative, and genitive—and three grammatical genders—feminine, masculine, and neuter. Nouns may also be either singular or plural.

Articles

Definite articles^[1]

These correspond to the English "the".

Indefinite articles^[2]

These correspond to English "a", "an", or "one". Note that there is no plural.

Pronouns

Personal pronouns^[3]

Genitive case for pronouns is currently considered archaic ^[3] and is used only in certain archaic expressions like "ich bedarf seiner" (I need him)

Interrogative pronouns

1. There is neither a dative nor a genitive of the impersonal interrogative pronoun. Generally, prepositions that need to be followed by either case merge with "was" to form new words such as "wovon" ("whereof") or "weswegen" ("for what reason").

Relative pronouns

Possessive pronouns

All possessive pronouns conform to the same inflectional paradigm:

To illustrate, here is the complete paradigm of mein ("my").

Demonstrative pronouns ^[4]

These may be used in place of personal pronouns to provide emphasis, as in the sentence "Den sehe ich" ("I see that"). Also note the word ordering: den corresponds to "that", and ich corresponds to "I". Placing the object at the beginning of the sentence places emphasis on it. English, as a generally non-declined language, does not have this feature.

Reflexive pronouns

Used when a subject and object are the same, as in "Ich wasche mich" = "I wash myself"

Indefinite pronouns

the pronoun "man"

Attributive adjectives

Predicate adjectives are undeclined.^[5] Other adjectives use the following declension patterns.

Strong inflection^[6][7]

This is used when there is no preceding article.

Weak inflection^[6][7]

This is used when there is a preceding definite article ("der-word"). These include jen- ("that, those"), solch- ("such a"), manch- ("many, some"), jed- ("each, every"), all- ("all"), dies- ("this, these"), and welch- ("which").

Mixed inflection^[6]

This is used when there is a preceding ein-word (i.e. words like mein, dein, sein, kein etc.) or one that conjugates alike (like unser for example).

Notes and references

1. ^ Handbuch zur deutschen Grammatik, Third Edition, p. 55
2. ^ Handbuch zur deutschen Grammatik, Third Edition, p. 58
3. ^ ^{a b} Handbuch zur deutschen Grammatik, Third Edition, p. 209
4. ^ Handbuch zur deutschen Grammatik, Third Edition, p. 213
5. ^ Handbuch zur deutschen Grammatik, Third Edition, p. 169
6. ^ ^{a b c} Canoo guide to adjective inflection
7. ^ ^{a b} Handbuch zur deutschen Grammatik, Third Edition, p. 170