Prior to entering the Althing (the Icelandic Parliament), Geir was an economist at the Central Bank of Iceland from 1977 to 1983 and was a political adviser to the Icelandic Minister of Finance from 1983 to 1987.[2] He has been a member of the Althing since 1987. Geir was Chairman of the Independence Party Parliamentary Group from 1991 to 1998[1][2] and a member of the Althing's Foreign Affairs Committee from 1991 to 1998;[1] he was Chairman of the Foreign Affairs Committee from 1995 to 1998.[1][2] He served as Minister of Finance from April 1998 to September 2005 and then as Minister for Foreign Affairs from September 2005 to June 2006. He was elected Chairman of the Independence Party in an uncontested election in October 2005, following the departure of Davíð Oddsson.
In Iceland, Geir is usually referred to as "Geir H. Haarde", or simply as "Geir" according to the Icelandic custom of using given names primarily (both when addressing someone and when referring to that person). Geir is among the rather few Icelanders whose last name is a surname rather than a patronymic (i.e., the father's name with a -son or -dóttir suffix). "Haarde" is a Norwegian name meaning the rough one, of the same origin as the English word "hard" and Icelandic "Harði".