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History
Citing from Egyptian papyri, Nunn identified significant knowledge of gastrointestinal diseases among practising doctors in Pharaoh periods. Irynakhty, of the tenth dynasty c. 2125 BC was a court physician specialising in gastroenterology and proctology.[1]
Among ancient Greeks, Hippocrates attributed digestion to concoction. Galen's concept of the stomach having four faculties was widely accepted up to modernity.
18th century:
- Italian Lazzaro Spallanzani (1729–99) was among early physicians to disregard Galen's theories, and in 1780 he gave experimental proof on the action of gastric juice on foodstuffs.
- In 1767, German Johann Zimmermann wrote an important work on dysentery.
- In 1777 Maximilian Stoll of Vienna described cancer of the gallbladder.[2][3]
19th century:
- In 1805 Philip Bozzini made first attempt to observe living human body through a tube he named Lichtleiter (light guiding instrument) to examine the urinary tract, the rectum and the pharynx. This is the earliest description of endoscopy.[4][5]
- Charles Emile Troisier described enlargement of lymph node in abdominal cancer.[6]
- In 1868 Adolf Kussmaul, a well known German physician, developed the gastroscope. He perfected the technique on a sword swallower.
- In 1871, at the society of physicians in Vienna, Carl Stoerk demonstrated an esophagoscope made of two telescopic metal tubes, initially devised by Waldenburg in 1870.
- In 1876 Karl Wilhelm von Kupffer described the properties of some liver cells now called Kupffer cell.
- In 1884 Kronecker and Meltzern studied oesophageal manometry in man.
20th century:
- Rudolph Schindler described many important diseases involving digestive system during World War I in his illustrated textbook and is portrayed by some as the "father of gastroscopy". He and Wolf developed a semiflexible gastroscope in 1932.
- In 1932 Burrill Bernard Crohn described Crohn's disease.
- In 1957 Basil Hirschowitz introduced the first prototype fibreoptic gastroscope.
21st century:
- In 2005 Barry Marshall and Robin Warren of Australia were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their discovery of Helicobacter pylori (1982/1983) and its role in peptic ulcer disease. James Leavitt assisted in their research, but the Nobel Prize is not awarded posthumouslycitation needed.
Disease classification
1. International Classification of Disease(ICD 2007)/WHO classification:
- Chapter XI,Diseases of the digestive system,(K00-K93)[3]
2. MeSH subject Heading:
3.National Library of Medicine Catalogue(NLM classification 2006):
- Digestive system(W1)[6]
Gastroenterological societies
- American College of Gastroenterology
- American Gastroenterological Association
- American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy
- British Society of Gastroenterology
References
- ^ Nunn JF. Ancient Egyptian Medicine. 2002. ISBN 0-80613-504-2.
- ^ Edgardo Rivera, MD James L. Abbruzzese, MD; Pancreatic, Hepatic, and Biliary Carcinomas, MEDICAL ONCOLOGY: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW[1]
- ^ DeStoll M: Rationis Mendendi, in Nosocomio Practico vendobonensi. Part 1 LugduniBatavarum, Haak et Socios et A et J Honkoop 1788, OCLC: 23625746
- ^ Gilger, Mark A. MD,Gastroenterologic endoscopy in children: past, present, and future. Gastroenterology and nutrition Current Opinion in Pediatrics. 13(5):429-434, October 2001.
- ^ The Origin of Endoscopes, Olympus history
- ^ Anton Sebastian,A Dictionary of the History of Medicine, ISBN 1850700214
External links
Publications/Journals at the Open Directory Project
- Virtual Gastro Centre
- GastroHep.com - Gastrohep
- The Digital Atlas of Video Education - Gastroenterology
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