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The factual accuracy of this article is disputed. Please see the relevant discussion on the talk page. (May 2008) |
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The Senyera (roughly meaning "signal flag" in Catalan) is a vexillological symbol based on the coat of arms of the Crown of Aragon, which consists of four red stripes on a golden background. This coat of arms, often called bars of Aragoncitation needed, historically represented the king of the Crown of Aragon; today it has been adopted as the flag by 4 Spanish autonomous communities: without any change for Catalonia, and, with some variations, for Aragon, the Balearic Islands and Valencia.
The three main former Crown of Aragon kingdoms, and now Spanish autonomous communities, of Aragon, the Balearic Islands and Valencia have adopted as their flag different variations from the Senyera which, in the Valencian Senyera Coronada case, originated back in medieval times; also the French pays of Rousillon's flag is based on the Senyera. Dozens of municipalities belonging to these territories base their local flags on the Senyera as well.
It is also a synonym (in Catalan Senyal Reial or Senyera and old Spanish Señal Real or Señera) for Royal Flag , although the word normally refers to the Catalan and Aragonese flags. Also in Aragonese, it is usually referred to as O Siñal d'Aragón, i.e. "The Sign of Aragón".
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Origin and History
The Senyera is one of the oldest flags in Europe to be used in present day, but not in continuous use since its creation. The Aragonese Encyclopedia states that its first material undisputed evidence dates back to a royal seal of Alfonso II of Aragon, from 1159.
The Aragonese Encyclopedia also states that there are claims of older appereances on seals of Ramon Berenguer IV, Count of Barcelona, from 1150, but that there are so many doubts about it that it's universally considered as proof of nothing[1].
Furthermore, the Pennon of the Conquest of Valencia, Spain is documented as the world's oldest extant flag, dating from 1238, even though the yellow part was originally white, but the red stripes design was the same.
There are several theories advocating either a purely catalan or a purely aragonese origin for the symbol, but none has been proved
The Enciclopedia Aragonesa states that all elucubrations about a "catalan" origin must be discarded, since, in terms of historical and historiografic correction, nothing can be accepted other than the concept of "barcelonés", and understanding that as alusive to the Contal House of Barcelona[1].
The Government of Catalonia states about its oficial symbols that it may derive from 11th century or 12th century pre-heraldic symbols and the County of Barcelona's coat of arms: in which the yellow and red bars were vertical while in the flag, horizontal[2]. The dynastyc coat of arms became also the one for the lands ruled by the counts. So, it is present in the flags and shields of the territories that once were part of the Crown of Aragon and also in the arms of Andorra and Sicily among others.
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Other version is that the Kingdom of Aragon used and adopted the colours of the Papal States in their own coat of arms as a public and notorious submission to the Pope, something which the County of Barcelona would have followed shortly after according to this version. The colours for the city of Rome, which in those times was controlled by the Pope were the same. According to the "Encyclopedia Britannica", the flag of the Holy See's Navy from XII century was red and yellow vertical, bearing sometimes the tiara and the keys. According to the Vatican official website, the yellow and ref of the flag of the Holy See were two colors traditional of the Roman Senate and People. [3]. This ancient flag can still be located on top of the Capitoline Hill in Rome, near the Roman Forum. The Papal States changed its colours in 1808 to present yellow and white, [3] while the City of Rome sticks to the old colors to this day.
The catalan Almogavar used a royal pennon with the arms of the Kings of Aragon when conquering Constantinople. [4] It was used as ensign of the Aragonese Navy from 1263 to 1516. [5]
The plain version of this flag was mainly used in early XX century by Catalan nationalists. Later, it was used as official flag of the Autonomous Community of Catalonia during the Second Spanish Republic and since the Spanish transition to democracy. In its plain version, it is also used in the French Département of Pyrénées-Orientales, part of the former Crown of Aragon. It is also used as the flag of Provence, a distinct region with historic ties to Aragon.
The blazon of this standard version is Or, four bars Gules.
Origin legends
According to a 14th century legend, the flag dates back from the 9th century, when the four red bars were drawn, as an act of gratitude, on Wilfred I the Hairy's (Count of Barcelona) golden shield by king Charles the Bald's fingers drenched with blood from the Count's war wounds prior to Wilfred's death in 897 during the siege of Barcelona by Lobo ibn Mohammed, the moor governor of Lleida. This legend would relate the emblem unambiguosly to the Counts of Barcelona title[1].
Romantic-driven Catalan nationalists were particularly keen on this legend during the Renaixença, in the 19th century; nowadays nationalists acknowledge the apocryphal character of this story (if only because Charles the Bald had died 20 years earlier, in 877).
Another version of this legend cites Louis the Pious as the king drawing the bars during the conquest of Barcelona, in this version drawing them in a golden shield, but Louis died before Guifré was born. [6]. Also, Barcelona was conquered long before the events described on the legend. [6] Another medieval variant of the legend features Ramon Berenguer painting the bars with his own blood on a yellow shield, with the yellow field of the shield being the arms of Aragon before his marriage. [7]
Variations
There are a few variations in the official flags of other territories. For instance, in Aragon an extra coat-of-arms, in Balearic Islands a castle in the canton, and in Valencia a blue crowned fringe on the hoist.
Territorial Flags
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Historical Flags
 Crown of Aragon flag |
 The Pennon of the Conquest of Valencia. |
 interim Valencian Community (1979-1980) |
Political movements Flags
 Estrelada aragonesa (Aragonese nationalism flag) |
 Catalan Socialist Independentist red estelada. |
 Valencian nationalism estrelada. |
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Trivia
The traditional captain's armband in Spanish football is also a pattern the distinctive yellow and red stripes, and is called the senyera.
See also
References
- ^ a b c "Palos de Aragón". Gran Enciclopedia Aragonesa (2003). Retrieved on 2008-04-24.
- ^ Los símbolos nacionales Page of Governtment of Catalonia
- ^ a b c "Bandiera pontificia". Stato della cità del Vaticano. Retrieved on 2008-07-09. “Anticamente la bandiera dello Stato pontificio era giallorossa (o per meglio dire amaranto e rossa, colori derivati dai colori dello stemma della Santa Sede), i due colori tradizionali del Senato e del Popolo romano, che vennero tuttavia sostituiti con il bianco e il giallo nel 1808, allorché Pio VII” (Italian)
- ^ (French) Jean Alexandre C. Buchon (1840). "Muntaner, Ramon. Chronique d'Aragon, de Sicile et de Grèce. (Traduction nouvelle du catalan)", Chroniques étrangères relatives aux expéditions franc̜aises pendant le XIIIe. A. Desrez, 418-419. Retrieved on 2008-06-20.
- ^ "Ensign of the Aragonese Navy 1263-1516 (Aragon, Spain)". Retrieved on 2008-06-25.
- ^ a b Autor Judith Ryan , Alfred Thomas (2003). Cultures of Forgery: Making Nations, Making Selves. Routledge, 97. ISBN 0415968321. Retrieved on 2008-06-20.
- ^ "Origins of the Aragonese-Catalan Flag (Spain), Legendary Origin". Retrieved on 2008-06-25.
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