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As a term in political science
The term was introduced into English political and historical discourse by Edward Augustus Freeman, in his History of Federal Government (1863). Freeman himself thought a federal monarchy only possible in the abstract.[1]
Federal monarchies
Historically
Historically the most important example of a federal monarchy is the German Empire of 1871-1919. The head of state of the federation was a monarch, the emperor, who was also head of state of some constituent parts to the federation as king of Prussia, while other constituent kingdoms, such as the Kingdom of Bavaria or the Kingdom of Saxony, retained their own monarchs and armies. Some of the constituent states federated to the empire, namely Bremen, Hamburg and Lübeck, were non-monarchical city-states.
The concept played a role in political debates in Italy and Austria-Hungary in the nineteenth century and in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in the twentieth, without ever being put into effect in any of these cases.[2]
Currently
In recent years the Kingdom of Belgium, the Kingdom of Spain, and the Federation of Canada have been referred to as federal monarchies, although none are officially designated as such.[3]
Currently the term can be applied in the fullest sense to Malaysia[4] and the United Arab Emirates, in both of which the head of state of the federation is selected from among the heads (sultans or emirs respectively) who rule the constituent states of the federation.
References
- ^ E.A. Freeman, History of Federal Government, pp. 96-100. Available on google books.
- ^
- ^ Ronald L. Watts, Comparing Federal Systems. McGill-Queen's University Press, 2003. ISBN 0889118353
- ^ Tommy Thomas, "Is Malaysia an Islamic State?" 2005.
