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Sovereign states
A state is a political association with effective sovereignty over a geographic area. A state usually includes the set of institutions that claim the authority to make the rules that govern the exercise of coercive violence for the people of the society in that territory, though its status as a state often depends in part on being recognized by a number of other states as having internal and external sovereignty over it. In sociology, the state is normally identified with these institutions: in Max Weber's influential definition, it is that organization that has a "monopoly on the legitimate use of physical force within a given territory," which may include the armed forces, civil service or state bureaucracy, courts, and police.
Albania—Azerbaijan
| Flag | Map | English Short Name | English Long Name | Domestic Short Name | Domestic Long Name | Capital |
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Albania | Republic of Albania | Albanian: Shqiperia | Albanian: Republika e Shqipërisë | Tirana Albanian: Tiranë |
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Andorra | Principality of Andorra | Andorra | Catalan: Principat d'Andorra French: Principauté d'Andorre Spanish: Principado de Andorra |
Andorra la Vella Catalan: Andorra la Vella French: Andorre-la-Vieille Spanish: Andorra la Vieja |
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Armenia[1] | Republic of Armenia | Armenian: Հայաստան/ Հայք Armenian Transliteration: Hayastan/ Hayq |
Armenian: Հայաստանի Հանրապետություն Armenian Transliteration: Hayastani Hanrapetutyun |
Yerevan Armenian: Երևան or Երեւան |
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Austria | Republic of Austria | German: Österreich | German: Republik Österreich | Vienna German: Wien |
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Azerbaijan[1] | Republic of Azerbaijan | Azerbaijani: Azərbaycan | Azerbaijani: Azərbaycan Respublikası | Baku Azerbaijani: Bakı |
Belarus—Croatia
| Flag | Map | English Short Name | English Long Name | Domestic Short Name | Domestic Long Name | Capital |
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Belarus | Republic of Belarus | Belarusian and Russian: Беларусь Belarusian and Russian Transliteration: Byelarus |
Belarusian: Рэспубліка Беларусь Russian: Республика Беларусь Belarusian and Russian Transliteration: Respublika Byelarus |
Minsk Belarusian: Мінск Russian: Минск |
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Belgium | Kingdom of Belgium | Dutch: België French: Belgique German: Belgien |
Dutch: Koninkrijk België French: Royaume de Belgique German: Königreich Belgien |
Brussels Dutch: Brussel French: Bruxelles German: Brüssel |
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Bosnia and Herzegovina | Bosnian: Bosna i Hercegovina Bosnian: Босна и Херцеговина |
Sarajevo Bosnian: Sarајеvо Bosnian: Сарајево |
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Bulgaria | Republic of Bulgaria | Bulgarian: България | Bulgarian: Република България Bulgarian Transliteration: Republika Balgariya |
Sofia Bulgarian: София Bulgarian Transliteration: Sofiya |
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Croatia | Republic of Croatia | Croatian: Hrvatska | Croatian: Republika Hrvatska | Zagreb |
Cyprus—Finland
| Flag | Map | English Short Name | English Long Name | Domestic Short Name | Domestic Long Name | Capital |
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Cyprus[2] | Republic of Cyprus | Greek: Κύπρος Greek Transliteration: Kýpros Turkish: Kıbrıs |
Greek: Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία Greek Transliteration: Kypriakí Dhimokratía Turkish: Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti |
Nicosia Greek: Λευκωσία Turkish: Lefkoşa |
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Czech Republic | Czechia[3] | Czech: Česko | Czech: Česká republika | Prague Czech: Praha |
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Denmark | Kingdom of Denmark | Danish: Danmark | Danish: Kongeriget Danmark | Copenhagen Danish: København |
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Estonia | Republic of Estonia | Estonian: Eesti | Estonian: Eesti Vabariik | Tallinn |
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Finland | Republic of Finland | Finnish: Suomi Swedish: Finland |
Finnish: Suomen tasavalta Swedish: Republiken Finland |
Helsinki Finnish: Helsingin kaupunki Swedish: Helsingfors stad |
France—Hungary
| Flag | Map | English Short Name | English Long Name | Domestic Short Name | Domestic Long Name | Capital |
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France | French Republic | French: France | French: République française | Paris |
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Georgia[1] | Republic of Georgia | Georgian: საქართველო Georgian Transliteration: Sakartvelo |
Tbilisi Georgian: თბილისი |
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Germany | Federal Republic of Germany | German: Deutschland | German: Bundesrepublik Deutschland | Berlin |
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Greece | Hellenic Republic | Greek: Ελλάδα/ Ελλάς Greek Transliteration: Ellada/ Ellas |
Greek: Ελληνική Δημοκρατία Greek Transliteration: Elliniki Dimokratia |
Athens Greek: Αθήνα Greek Transliteration: Athina |
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Hungary | Republic of Hungary | Hungarian: Magyarország | Hungarian: Magyar Köztársaság | Budapest |
Iceland—Latvia
| Flag | Map | English Short Name | English Long Name | Domestic Short Name | Domestic Long Name | Capital |
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Iceland | Republic of Iceland | Icelandic: Ísland | Icelandic: Lýðveldið Ísland | Reykjavik Icelandic: Reykjavíkurborg |
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Ireland | Republic of Ireland | Irish: Éire | Irish: Poblacht na hÉireann | Dublin Irish: Baile Átha Cliath |
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Italy | Italian Republic | Italian: Italia | Italian: Repubblica Italiana | Rome Italian: Roma |
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Kazakhstan[4] | Republic of Kazakhstan | Kazakh: Қазақстан Kazakh Transliteration: Qazaqstan Russian: Казахстан Russian Transliteration: Kazakhstán |
Kazakh: Қазақстан Республикасы Kazakh Transliteration: Qazaqstan Respublïkası Russian: Республика Казахстан Russian Transliteration: Respublika Kazakhstan |
Astana Kazakh: Астана |
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Latvia | Republic of Latvia | Latvian: Latvija | Latvian: Latvijas Republika | Riga Latvian: Rīga |
Liechtenstein—Malta
| Flag | Map | English Short Name | English Long Name | Domestic Short Name | Domestic Long Name | Capital |
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Liechtenstein | Principality of Liechtenstein | German: Liechtenstein | German: Fürstentum Liechtenstein | Vaduz |
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Lithuania | Republic of Lithuania | Lithuanian: Lietuva | Lithuanian: Lietuvos Respublika | Vilnius |
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Luxembourg | Grand Duchy of Luxembourg | Luxembourgish: Lëtzebuerg French: Luxembourg German: Luxemburg |
Luxembourgish: Groussherzogtum Lëtzebuerg French: Grand-Duché de Luxembourg German: Großherzogtum Luxemburg |
Luxembourg City Luxembourgish: Stad Lëtzebuerg French: Ville de Luxembourg German: Luxemburg Stadt |
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Macedonia | Republic of Macedonia | Macedonian: Македонија Macedonian Transliteration: Makedonija Albanian: Maqedonisë |
Macedonian: Република Македонија Macedonian Transliteration: Republika Makedonija Albanian: Republika e Maqedonisë |
Skopje Macedonian: Скопје |
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Malta | Republic of Malta | Maltese: Malta | Maltese: Ir-Repubblika ta' Malta | Valletta Maltese: Il-Belt Valletta |
Moldova—Norway
| Flag | Map | English Short Name | English Long Name | Domestic Short Name | Domestic Long Name | Capital |
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Moldova | Republic of Moldova | Romanian: Moldova | Romanian: Republica Moldova | Chisinau Romanian: Chişinău |
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Monaco | Principality of Monaco | French: Monaco Monégasque: Múnegu Occitan: Mónegue Italian: Monaco |
French: Principauté de Monaco Monégasque: Principatu de Múnegu Occitan: Principat de Mónegue Italian: Principato di Monaco |
Monaco[5] |
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Montenegro | Republic of Montenegro | Montenegrin: Crna Gora Serbian: Црна Гора |
Montenegrin: Republika Crna Gora Serbian: Република Црна Гора |
Montenegrin: Podgorica Serbian: Подгорица |
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Netherlands[6][7] | Kingdom of the Netherlands | Dutch: Nederland | Dutch: Koninkrijk der Nederlanden | Amsterdam (capital) The Hague (seat of government) Dutch: 's-Gravenhage (Den Haag) |
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Norway | Kingdom of Norway | Bokmål: Norge Nynorsk: Noreg |
Bokmål: Kongeriket Norge Nynorsk: Kongeriket Noreg |
Oslo |
Poland—San Marino
| Flag | Map | English Short Name | English Long Name | Domestic Short Name | Domestic Long Name | Capital |
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Poland | Republic of Poland | Polish: Polska | Polish: Rzeczpospolita Polska | Warsaw Polish: Warszawa |
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Portugal | Portuguese Republic | Portuguese: Portugal | Portuguese: República Portuguesa | Lisbon Portuguese: Lisboa |
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Romania | Romanian: România | Bucharest Romanian: Municipiul Bucureşti |
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Russia[4] | Russian Federation | Russian: Росси́я Russian Transliteration: Rossiya |
Russian: Российская Федерация Russian Transliteration: Rossiyskaya Federatsiya |
Moscow Russian: Москва Russian Transliteration: Moskva |
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San Marino | Most Serene Republic of San Marino | Italian: San Marino | Italian: Serenissima Repubblica di San Marino | City of San Marino Italian: Città di San Marino |
Serbia—Sweden
| Flag | Map | English Short Name | English Long Name | Domestic Short Name | Domestic Long Name | Capital |
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Serbia | Republic of Serbia | Serbian: Србија Serbian Transcription: Srbija |
Serbian: Република Србија Serbian Transcription: Republika Srbija |
Belgrade Serbian: Београд Serbian Transcription: Beograd |
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Slovakia | Slovak Republic | Slovak: Slovensko | Slovak: Slovenská republika | Bratislava |
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Slovenia | Republic of Slovenia | Slovene: Slovenija | Slovene: Republika Slovenija | Ljubljana |
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Spain | Kingdom of Spain | Spanish: España | Spanish: Reino de España | Madrid |
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Sweden | Kingdom of Sweden | Swedish: Sverige | Swedish: Konungariket Sverige | Stockholm |
Switzerland—Vatican City
| Flag | Map | English Short Name | English Long Name | Domestic Short Name | Domestic Long Name | Capital |
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Switzerland | Swiss Confederation | Latin: Helvetica German: Schweiz French: Suisse Italian: Svizzera Romansh: Svizra |
Latin: Confoederatio Helvetica German: Schweizerische Eidgenossenschaft French: Confédération suisse Italian: Confederazione Svizzera Romansh: Confederaziun svizra |
Berne German: Bern French: Berne Italian: Berna Romansh: Berna |
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Turkey[4] | Republic of Turkey | Turkish: Türkiye | Turkish: Türkiye Cumhuriyeti | Ankara |
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Ukraine | Ukrainian: Україна Ukrainian Transliteration: Ukraina/ Ukrayina |
Kiev Ukrainian: Київ Ukrainian Transliteration: Kyyiv |
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United Kingdom also sometimes: Britain or Great Britain.[8] | United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland | Welsh: Teyrnas Unedig Prydain Fawr a Gogledd Iwerddon Scottish Gaelic: An Rìoghachd Aonaichte na Breatainn Mhòr agus Eirinn a Tuath Irish: Ríocht Aontaithe na Breataine Móire agus Thuaisceart Éireann Scots: Unitit Kinrick o Graet Breetain an Northren Ireland Cornish: An Rywvaneth Unys a Vreten Veur hag Iwerdhon Glédh |
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Vatican City Holy See |
State of the Vatican City | Latin: Santa Sede | Latin: Status Civitatis Vaticanæ Italian: Stato della Città del Vaticano |
Vatican City[5] |
Nonsovereign territories and regions
Dependent territories and autonomous regions in Europe.
Åland—Greenland
| Flag | Map | English Short Name | English Long Name | Domestic Short Name | Domestic Long Name | Capital |
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Åland[9] | Åland Islands | Swedish: Åland | Swedish: Landskapet Åland Finnish: Ahvenanmaan maakunta |
Mariehamn Finnish: Maarianhamina |
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Akrotiri and Dhekelia[2][10][11] | Episkopi Cantonment | |||
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Faroe Islands[12] | Faroese: Føroyar Danish: Færøerne |
Torshavn Faroese: Tórshavnar kommuna Danish: Thorshavn |
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Gibraltar[11] | Gibraltar | Gibraltar | ||
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Greenland[2][12] | Kalaallisut: Kalaallit Nunaat Danish: Grønland |
Nuuk Danish: Godthåb |
Guernsey—Jersey
| Flag | Map | English Short Name | English Long Name | Domestic Short Name | Domestic Long Name | Capital |
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Guernsey[13] | Bailiwick of Guernsey | Guernésiais: Guernesey | Guernésiais: Bailliage de Guernesey | St. Peter Port Guernésiais: Saint Pierre Port |
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Isle of Man[13] | Manx: Mannin | Manx: Ellan Vannin | Douglas Manx: Doolish |
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Jersey[13] | Bailiwick of Jersey | Jèrriais: Jèrri | Jèrriais: Bailliage de Jersey | St. Helier Jèrriais: Saint Hélyi |
Partially recognised republics, territories and regions
The following geo-political entities in Europe have partial diplomatic recognition by one or more sovereign states and are defined as 'states' by the declarative theory of statehood.
Kosovo—Northern Cyprus
| Flag | Map | English Short Name | English Long Name | Domestic Short Name | Domestic Long Name | Capital |
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Kosovo[14] | Republic of Kosovo | Albanian: Kosova, Kosovë Serbian: Косово Serbian Transcription: Kosovo |
Serbian: Република Косово Serbian Transcription: Republika Kosovo |
Pristina Albanian: Prishtina, Prishtinë Serbian: Приштина Serbian Transcription: Priština |
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Northern Cyprus[2][15] | Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus | Turkish: Kuzey Kıbrıs | Turkish: Kuzey Kıbrıs Türk Cumhuriyeti | Nicosia Turkish: Lefkoşa Turkish Transliteration: Lefkosia or Lefkosha |
Unrecognised republics, territories and regions
The following geo-political entities in Europe lack diplomatic recognition, yet are defined as 'states' by the declarative theory of statehood.
Abkhazia—Transnistria
| Flag | Map | English Short Name | English Long Name | Domestic Short Name | Domestic Long Name | Capital |
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Abkhazia[16][1] | Abkhaz: Аҧсны Abkhaz Transliteration: Apsny Georgian: აფხაზეთი Georgian Transliteration: Apkhazeti or Abkhazeti Russian: Абха́зия Russian Transliteration: Abhazia |
Sukhumi Abkhaz: Аҟəа Abkhaz Transliteration: Akwa Georgian: სოხუმი Georgian Transliteration: Sokhumi Russian: Сухуми |
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Nagorno-Karabakh[17][1] | Nagorno-Karabakh Republic | Armenian: Լեռնային Ղարաբաղ Armenian Transliteration: Lernayin Gharabaghi |
Armenian: Լեռնային Ղարաբաղ Հանրապետություն Armenian Transliteration: Lernayin Gharabaghi Hanrapetut’yun |
Stepanakert Armenian: Ստեփանակերտ Armenian Transliteration: Khankendi Azerbaijani: Xankəndi Azerbaijani Transliteration: Xankindi |
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South Ossetia[16][1] | Ossetic: Хуссар Ирыстон Ossetic Transliteration: Khussar Iryston Georgian: სამხრეთ ოსეთი Georgian Transliteration: Samkhret Oseti Russian: Южная Осетия Russian Transliteration: Yuzhnaya Osetiya |
Ossetic: Хуссар Ирыстон Республика | Tskhinvali Ossetic: Цхинвал or Чъреба Ossetic Transliteration: Chreba |
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Transnistria[18] Also: Trans-Dniester or Transdniestria or Pridnestrovie |
Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic | Moldovan: Нистрянэ Moldavian Transliteration: Nistreană Russian: Приднестрóвье Russian Transliteration: Pridnestrov'ye Ukrainian: Придністрóв'я Ukrainian Transliteration: Prydnistrov'ya |
Moldovan: Република Молдовеняскэ Нистрянэ
Moldavian Transliteration: Republica Moldovenească Nistreană |
Tiraspol Moldovan: Тираспол Russian and Ukrainian: Тирáсполь |
Notes
- ^ a b c d e f Part of Transcaucasian Region.
- ^ a b c d Cyprus and Greenland are both entirely on other continents ( Asia and North America respectively ), but they have sociopolitical connections with Europe.
- ^ Standard short form, not used very often
- ^ a b c Kazakhstan, Russia and Turkey are considered to be in both Europe and Asia geographically (Europe in dark blue, Asia in light blue).
- ^ a b These countries are city-states.
- ^ The Netherlands is also known in the short form as Holland, but this is the improper form for the name of the whole country as it refers only to a small region inside the country. See