Eurasia has been at war with both Eastasia and Oceania. It is implied that Eurasia was formed when the Soviet Union absorbed the rest of Europe. Goldstein's book states that the war with both Eurasia and Eastasia is not a war in the traditional sense, but simply exists to use up resources and keep the population in line. Victory for any side isn't possible or desirable, but the Inner Party through an act of doublethink believes that such victory is in fact possible. Some believe that Eurasia is in fact just one part of a "World State" that controls all of Earth, but pretends to exist as three states to maintain the constant war used to keep the population in line.
According to Goldstein's book, Eurasia's main natural defence is its vast landspaces.