| content |
Contents |
Pharmacological classes of dissociatives, and their general subjective effects
Entries marked with a # are naturally occurring.
NMDA Receptor Antagonists
Uncompetitive channel blockers include:
- Amantadine [1]
- AP5 (2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoate), a competitive glutamate antagonist selective for the NMDA-R.
- Dextromethorphan
- Dextrorphan
- Ibogaine # [2]
- Phencyclidine
- Ketamine
- Tiletamine
- Rolicyclidine
- Eticyclidine
- Tenocyclidine
- Dizocilpine
- Nitrous oxide #
- Xenon #
- Riluzole
Most members of the noncompetitive channel-blocker group are arylcyclohexylamines. Their molecular structure includes a cyclohexyl ring, a piperidine ring and a phenyl group. [3] The gases nitrous oxide and xenon are obvious exceptions Non-competitive antagonists include:
- Aptiganel (Cerestat, CNS-1102). Binds the Mg2+ binding site within the channel of the NMDAR.
- Memantine (Axura, Akatinol, Namenda, Ebixa, 1-amino-3,5-dimethylada-mantane). Approved in the U.S. by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.[4]
- Remacimide. Principle metabolite is an uncompetitive antagonist with a low affinity for the binding site.[5]
Drugs that act at the glycine binding site include 7-chlorokynurenate.
κ-opioid receptor agonists
- Salvinorin-A #, the active constituent of Salvia divinorum (diviner's sage)
- Enadoline
- ibogaine (Weak / Complex mechanism of action)
- Pentazocine
σ-opioid receptor agonists
Amanita muscaria constituents
- Muscimol # GABA-A agonist, primary active constituent
- Ibotenic acid # NMDA agonist, neurotoxin, metabolizes to muscimol or can be converted into muscimol by heating at 170 C
- Muscarine # muscarinic ACh agonist, trace constituent, not active in brain but causes physical side effects
These four groups of dissociatives have slightly different effects but also share similarities separating them from other classes of hallucinogens. They are markedly different from psychedelics such as LSD, where alert and fully conscious users experience cognitive distortion while simultaneously interacting with the "real world". Hallucinations from these dissociatives are generally only experienced in dark rooms or with eyes closed, unless at very high doses above what is normally consumed recreationally. Nitrous oxide has very different effects however, and even at low doses includes auditory distortions. Unlike with many other psychedelic chemicals, salvia users are generally not ambulatory and the experience is frequently dissociative. Often a very brief trance is entered, where the user experiences an intense and very realistic dream state. On the other hand, the effect of salvia on emotion has been reported to be less marked than that of true psychedelics.
Although muscimol does not usually cause normal hallucinations, it has a tendency to put the user to sleep, during which the user is able to have very vivid dreams with good dream recall.
See also
References
- ^ "Effects of N-Methyl-D-Aspartate (NMDA)-Receptor Antagonism on Hyperalgesia, Opioid Use, and Pain After Radical Prostatectomy", University Health Network, Toronto, September 2005
- ^ Popik P, Layer RT, Skolnick P (1994): "The putative anti-addictive drug ibogaine is a competitive inhibitor of [3H]MK-801 binding to the NMDA receptor complex." Psychopharmacology (Berl), 114(4), 672-4. Abstract
- ^ AJ Giannini. Drugs of Abuse--Second Edition. Los Angeles, Practice Management Information Corp, 1997.
- ^ Chawla, PS; Kochar MS (2006). "What's new in clinical pharmacology and therapeutics". WMJ 105 (3): 24–29. PMID 16749321. Retrieved on 2007-01-17.
- ^ Muir, KW (2005). "Glutamate-based therapeutic approaches: clinical trials with NMDA antagonists". Current Opinion in Pharmacology 6 (1): 53–60. doi:. PMID 16359918. Retrieved on 2007-01-17.
