Dhangar
This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Dhangar".

content
Dhangar
Classification: Caste/Kshatriya Dhangar (Shepherds)
Clans: 108
Significant populations in: India
Language Marathi, Hindi, Gujarati, Kannada, Tamil, Telugu
Religion Hinduism

The Dhangar (Sanskrit / Devanāgarī: धनगर ) caste is primarily located in the Indian state of Maharashtra. The literal translation of the name Dhangar is "Who is wealthy". The word Dhangar is derived from the Sanskrit word 'Dhenu' i.e. Cow. They are called by different synonyms like Dhangar, Dhangad and Dhanpal.[1] Dhang also means a hill or a mountain. During the times of hardship some Kshatriyas went to the mountains and hills with their sheep and cows and stayed in the forests: these people are called Dhangars.[2]

The “Ain-i-Akbari” describes them as being a proud, refractory and domineering race of Rajputs, living in the Basim Sircar and, with numerous armed forces, occupying the forts and controlling the surrounding districts.[3][4][5]

Their original home is said to be Gokul Vrindavan near Mathura. From Gokul they are said to be moved to Mewar and from Mewar to have spread into Gujrat and Maharashtra.[6][7]

Lord Krishna was Dhangar.[8] [9] Nand Meher, the foster father of Lord Krishna, also belonged to this caste.[10][11]

Initially there were twelve tribes of Dhangar and they had a Division of labour amongst brothers of one family. This latter formed three sub-divisions and one half division (3.5). These three being Hatkar (Shepherds), Ahir (Gawli/Gavali) or Mhaskar(Gujar), and Khutekar (Wool and Blanket weavers) / Sangar. The half division is called Khatik (Butchers). All sub-castes fall in either of these divisions. All sub-divisions emerge from one stock and all sub-divisions claim to be a single group of Dhangars. Studies have revealed that they are genetically the closest.[12][13] The number three and a half is not a random selection but has a religious and cosmological significance.[14]

The main Dhangar subcastes are Ahir / Gawli / Mhaskar / Gurjar / Yadu (Yadav), Hatkar (Assal)/ Bargi / Barahatti / Barhatta / Bargahi / Baragahi / Bande (Revolutionary) / Zende (Brave) / Bhillari / Khillari / Metkari / Dange / Bakarwal / Pohol / Bharwad / Baghel / Pal / Gadari / Gadariya / Gaddi / Shippi / Kuruba (meaning trustworthy) / Kanore / Kanade / Kurmar / Kurbar / Kurumbar / Idaiyan / Idaiyar / Idaiga / Konar / Golla / Neekhar / Nikher, Khutekar / Dewanga / Kshitri / Khatri, Kuktekar, Sengar / Sangar / Shegar, Lad Mendhe / Ladse, Jhade / Jhadi / Zade, Hulwan, Konkani, Mahure / Mahurai, Telange, Tellari, Warhade / Varadi / Barade[15], Khatik / Rangiya / Chikva / Kasai / Ghodchade / Sonkar / Sunkhar / Birwal Jain / Badgujar / Vihari Vaishya / Meve Farosh / Halal / Kalal / Chakhana Kakal / Bakar Kasab / Purbiya / Kaseruval / Lad / Katik, Oraon, Talwar, Banjara / Vanjara [16], Kambar, Shirotya, Utekar, Gadge. [17] [18] [19] [20]

The Dhangars ignore the subcastes and project themselves only as Dhangars.

Captain Fitzgerald had observed that ‘the general idea is that originally there were Twelve Tribes of Bargi-Dhangars, who came from Hindustan, and the country about Hingoli was called Bara Hatti (Hatkar)’. The term Bara-Hatti could thus mean a country of the Dhangars of twelve hattis. The term Hatkar is derived from hatti. According to the Dravidian Etymological Dictionary, h(p)atti has the following meanings: pen (Kannada), hamlet (Malayalam), cowstall, sheepfold (Tamil). A hatti would therefore mean a sheep pen or a camp or a settlement of sheep-keepers. In the old Kannada lexicon hattikara occurs as a synonym of govali, or cowherds. These etymological linkages indicate a connection between the sheep and cattle keepers. The term means a camp of sheep-cattle keepers. Bara-hatti means a village consisting of twelve vadis. The vadi constitutes 20-23 Dhangar families.[21][22][23][24][25]

The word “hat” means obstinacy in Marathi and “kar” means doer meaning obstinate. Captain Fitz Gerald, once an assistant commissioner in Berar, made the following observation:- “The Hatkars declare that they came prior to the Nizam becoming subhedar of deccan on behalf of the King of Delhi. The Hatkars are all Bargi Dhangars, or the shepherds with the spears. The Hatkars say that they formerly, when going on any expedition, took only a blanket seven hands long and a bear-spear, and that on this account they were called Bargir, or Barga Dhangars. The temper of Hatkars is said to be obstinate and quarrelsome.[26][27] A famous couplet of a Bengali cradle song, created by Oriya and Bengali people to make their babies sleep at night is quoted below.

"Chhele ghumalo para juralo Bargi elo deshe

Bulbulite dhan kheyechhe khajna debo kise?"

Hushed the child sleeps and quiet is the neighborhood now, for the Bargis have descended on our land; the bulbulis have eaten away our crops, how shall we pay our land tax?'

They are even now noted for their martial qualities and readily become soldiers. The armies of Shivaji were composed of recruits mainly drawn from this caste who were the most trusted by Shivaji. The bravest Maratha leaders, among whom the Holkars are the most distinguished, are of this tribe.[28][29] When tending and driving sheep and goats Dhangars ejaculate 'Har, Har,' which is a name of Mahadeo used by devotees in worshipping him. The Dhangars furnished a valuable contingent to Sivaji's guerilla soldiery. The slogan of the Marathas, “Har Har Mahadeo”, was used by the Dhangars -- showing that Mavalas or the soldiers of Shivaji were themselves Dhangars.[30] The Shepherds of Maratha Country are called Marathe (Marhatta (Singular) / Marhatte (Plural)/ Bar-hatta, i.e. Hatkar) (Hatkars of Western Maharashtra and Konkan are also called Maratha Dhangar).[31]

At the time of his Coronation, Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj showed that he belonged to the Gahlot (i.e. Sisodiya/Ranas of Mewar) Clan. Shahu Maharaj coined the word Maratha for the peasant section i.e. Kunbi.

Historically "Maratha" was a common term used for people of Maharashtra region that speak Marathi.[32] Today, however, the term "Maratha" refers only to those Marathi-speaking people who also belong to certain specific Hindu castes: for one available listing, refer to Maratha clan system. Thus, the terms "Maratha people" and "Maratha-Dhangar" are not interchangeable and should not be confused for each other. All Dhangars of Western Maharashtra and Konkan, like Holkars, can be termed Marathas, but all Marathas are not Dhangars. For one available listing of Dhangars, refer to List of Dhangar clans in India.

The Dhangars of the Northern or Southern India are reasonably considered to belong to the same race.[33]

The Dhangar community is one of the oldest existing communities of India, tracing its history back to Mahabharata times. They have originated several ruling dynasties, most recently the Holkars of Indore. Prominent Dhangars have been Hakkaraya and Bukkaraya, founders of the Vijayanagara Empire. Dhangars have founded the Hoysalas, Holkar, Rashtrakutas, Maurya, Pallav dynasties. In addition the poets Kalidasa and Kanakadasa were also Dhangars.[34] The famous Vithoba temple at Pandharpur was built by Vishnuvardhana, a Dhangar from the Hoysala Dynasty.[35] The famous Meenakshi temple was built by Pallavas who were Dhangars.[36]

Traditionally being Warriors, Shepherds, Cowherds, Buffaloe keepers, Blanket & Wool Weavers, Butchers and Farmers, Dhangars were late to take up modern day education. Though it has a notable population not only in Maharashtra but also in India, had a rich history, today it is still politically highly unorganized community and is socially, educationally, economically and politically backward. They lived a socially isolated life due to their occupation, wandering mainly in forests, hills and mountains.[37]

For the affirmative action or the Reservation in India they are distributed into Advanced Class, Other Backward Class, Nomadic Tribe, Scheduled Tribe and Scheduled Caste through out India.

In Maharashtra though they were classified as extremely backward since Independence they got reservation in 1990 after peaceful and non-violent agitation in 1989. The then Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi told the State Government to immediately implement the Scheduled Tribe status but the Sharad Pawar led State government depreived the ST status and included them as Nomadic Tribe in 1990. The Creamy layer is excluded from reservations. In 2004, the then Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee in a rally at Pandharpur declared that if BJP lead NDA comes to power they would immediately confer the ST status. The All India Dhangar Association is still fighting to get the ST status.

see main article Dhangar Scheduled tribe issue

Contents

Jejuri

Jejuri is one of the famous temples in Maharashtra. The God of Jejuri - Khandoba (Lord Shiva), the husband of Banai (from the Dhangar caste), is popular amongst the Dhangars.[38]

Dhangari Gaja

This is a dance form performed by Dhangars of Solapur district of Maharashtra. Their poetry is mainly inspired by the evergreen trees all around. The poetry is in a form called 'Ovi' which is made up of couplets. These poems also contain tales of the birth of their God "Biruba" or Birappa or Viroba, in simple and basic lines. The group of dancers surrounds the drum players and move at the drummers' rhythm.[39][40]

Clans in India

See also List of Dhangar clans in India.

Dhangars are Kshatriyas.[41][42][43] Kshatriyas have three major castes (or ethnic groups) -- the Dhangars, the Rajputs and the Marathas. The Rajputs are Indo-Scythians and mainly had their kingdoms in North India. The Rajputs did not originate as a tribe or a single community. They emerge from history as a collection of clans ruling different regions. The term Rajput as it is used today refers to the set of intermarrying royal clans. The Marathas are Indo-Aryans and had an empire which spread all over central and North India. The Dhangars are Proto-Asians, who had their Kingdoms throughout India. Rajputs have 36 Clans, Marathas have 96 Clans and Dhangars have 108 clans out of which 92 are found/known so far in India. Originally these castes were one and had mutual interactions of dining together and intermarriage amongst them.[44]

The widespread Palaeolithic mtDNA haplogroups and analysis of Y-DNA Haplogroup in Dhangar clans highlight their Proto-Asian genetic ancestries. Dhangar heterogeneity is ascribable to predominantly South-Asian males and West-Eurasian females. Dhangar have a significant Pleistocene gene pool, corroborating their “Proto-Asian” origin.[45] As per J. H. Hutton they are Proto-Australoid. Kashyap (2006) [46] designates 23 out of 54 Indian populations studied as Australoid, of which one speaks an Indo-European language (Dhangar of Maharashtra).

Dhangars are believed to be Indo-Aryans as the Aryans were shepherds. Dhangar follow many rituals which were followed by Aryans.[47][48] Aryans used to pierce the ears of their children, and Dhangars too pierce the ears of their children.[49] Out of the 36 Queens of Kshayapa the 28th Queen, Sundara, was a Dhangar. Out of the Original 36 Rishis Tap Rishi and Manimahant were Dhangar.

The word Gotra is dereived from the word "Go" meaning Cow. In ancient times wealth used to be measured by the number of cows. The cows of one Kula used to be kept together which was termed Gotra this was later termed as Kula Gotra. Marriage in the Kula of one's own Pravara is prohibited.[50] Ethoven has listed 108 such exogamous groups of Dhangars. However Gautama Sutra has given two remedies for such marriages i.e. "Sutrakali Chandrayan, Kruch Prayaschit".

Allama Prabhu, President of Lingayat Temple at the time of allowing saint Rewad in the temple stated

"Kuruba Hutavamunna Kulavilla Gotra Villam, Kuruban fal kani Basawanna."

meaning

"Before the Dhangars there were no gotras, gotras came with Dhangars, Basawanna, we are the decendants of Dhangars".

This shows that many Lingayats were Dhangars previously.

Enthoven in his observations has listed 22 Endogamous groups (Sub-Castes) and 108 Exogamous groups (Clans) of Dhangars (Enthoven 1920:311). It should be recorded that the list of the 22 Endogamous groups and 108 Exogamous groups of Dhangars, as provided by Enthoven, is not exhaustive.[51]

The number 108 is very sacred and has a great significance.[52]

The List of Dhangar clans in India is of surnames of all sub-castes from India[53][54][55] [56]

Other Names

Dhangars are identified by different names in different regions of the country.[57] The names vary from area to area and from district to district[58] [59]

Ahir,Ahir,Aagalave, Ahiyaru, Andar, Appugol, Bagadi, Baghel, Brijbasi / Ghosh / Bargahi / Baragahi / Bargi (meaning- cattle owners) (UP), Bakarwal (Jammu & Kashmir), Bhadiyar / Gangajali, Bharavadaru, Bhati / Bhatia / Chang / Ghirath (Punj), Charan, Devanga, Dhangad / Dhanwar / Dhanpal / Dhangod, Doddi Gowda, Gaddi / Garri, Gadhariya / Gadaria / Gadariya / Gareri / Gauriya (UP, MP, Bihar), Gadri / Gairi / Gari / Gadade/Gawade/Ghosi / Gurjar / Dewasi / Charvaha (Rajasthan), Gari / Bharud / Ghosi (MP), Gavara (AP), Ghancha / Ghanchi, Golla / Gola / Gaola / Bagal, Gollavadu / Gowdiga, Gop (Assam), Gopal, Gounder, Gowda, Gwala / Gwal, Halumatha, Haridas, Hati (Soldier) (Guj), Heggades, Idaiga / Idyar / Idiyan / Idaiyar / Konar (Tamilnadu), Kalali / Kalari, Kalavar, Kamaria, Kamli, Kanne, Kantak,Khandekar,Kolekar, Khuruk, Khatri, Kuruba Gowda, Kuruba (Karnataka, AP), Kuruma, Kurumavaaru, Kuda, Kurkhi, Kurmar / Kurma / Kurumba / Kurumbar / Kurumans / Kurubaru (Tamilnadu), Kurupu, Mendpal, Magadha / Magadhi / Maghi (Bihar), Maldhari / Bharwad / Rabari/ Jagri / Khavas / Gopalak (Gujrath), Meshshawak (Bengal), Mirdha, Muniyani, Naikers, Oraon / Saile / Agrayya (East India), Nayer, Neekhar/ Nikhers (North India), Paalakyatriya, Pal / Pala / Pali / Rajpal (North India), Palaru, Poduvar, Raika, Yadavalu, Redharu, Rakhal, Bherarokhiya, Meshpalak, Meshpal, Attutidiyan, Attiyan, Bhagat, Bhedwar, Haldhar, Chagal etc.

Notable Dhangars

Kingdoms

  • Sangolli Rayanna was a prominent freedom fighter. He continued the struggle till 1829. Finally he was captured by treachery and hanged. At the time of being hanged he said "My last wish is to be born again in the country to fight against the British and drive them away from our sacred soil".

Scientists

  • Shri. Hake. ISRO

Military

Political

  • Late Shivajirao Shendge.
  • B. K. Kokare. Founder, Yashwant Sena
  • Late Rakhamaji Gawade (Ex MP & MLA Beed dist (M.S.)
  • Anandrao Devkate Ex-Minister (Maharashtra) Congress(I)
  • Anil Gote. Ex-MLA
  • Annasaheb Dange Ex-Minister (Maharashtra)
  • Arun Gawali. M.L.A. (Maharashtra)
  • Ayodhya Prasad Pal
  • Babubhai Desai
  • Bhawanbhai Bharwad
  • Dattatraya Pandhare. Ex-Vice President Cong(I).
  • Ganpatrao Deshmukh M.L.A. (Maharashtra) PWP
  • Ganpatrao Patil Ex-M.L.A. (Maharashtra)
  • Haribhau Badhe. MLA.
  • Hukum Chand Yadav MLA
  • Jethabhai Bharwad
  • Kakasaheb Thorat Ex-MLA
  • Kokare. Ex-M.L.A. (Maharashtra)
  • Lakhan Singh Baghel
  • Mahadeo Jankar (Maharashtra) President RSP
  • Malharrao Mahulkar Ex-MLA
  • Popatrao Gawade. Ex-M.L.A. (Maharashtra)
  • Prakashanna Shendge M.L.C.(Maharashtra) BJP
  • Rajesh Yadav
  • Ramesh Shendge MLC
  • Ramkaran Pal. (M.L.C.) (Bihar)
  • Sachin Ahir. M.L.A.(Maharashtra)
  • Shaitansinh Pal (M.P)
  • Somnath Waghmode. Vice President, Maha. Youth Cong(I)
  • Srimati Pooja Pal MLA
  • Sundersingh Baghel. M.L.A. (U.P.)
  • Vijayrao More. Ex-MLC (INC)

Members of Parliament

Social Workers / Reformists

  • Periyar E. V. Ramasamy Nayakar
  • Adv. Gunderao Bansode. Founder President, All India Dhangar Association.
  • Bhagappa Goranal
  • Captain Shriram Pal Holkar. - Editor of "THE GREAT HOLKAR TIMES" from Delhi
  • Dr. Shyam Singh Shashi (awarded Padma Shri in 1990)
  • Gunajirao Mhatre
  • Jayantkumar Kathavate.
  • Kishor Lasure
  • Krantiveer Bapu Biru Wategaonkar
  • Laxmanrao Chingle
  • Lakhmi Chand Pal
  • M. Ramarao Holkar.
  • Nishi Pal - Editor of "PAL KSHATRIYA SAMACHAR PATRA" from Delhi.
  • Prabhuji Kokane
  • Subhash Khemnar
  • Waman Bhure

Women

  • Arunatai Wakse (Mayor, Solapur) (INC)
  • Bachendri Pal - 1st Indian woman (5th in world) to climb Mount Everest.
  • Laxmidevi Ramanna - First woman representative in Mysore Assembly.
  • Ratnatai Choudhary (Social Worker) (Cong (I))
  • Sampat Devi Pal MLA
  • Vaishalitai Satpute (Former President, Solapur Zilla Parishad) (NCP)

Executive

  • Shrinivas Karande. Founder President, VJNT & SBC Emp. & Officers Association.

Media

  • Adv. Dilip Edatkar, Editor, Social Worker (BSP)
  • Mahendra Pratap Singh Chief Sub Editor, Rashtriya Sahara, 091-9415105642

Writers/Poets

  • N. D. Mahanor awarded Padma Shri
  • Dr. Dharmaveer Shastri of Aligarh,
  • Dr. Dharmaveer Singh of Bulandshahar,
  • Dr. Shri Ram Pal of Allahabad,
  • Ganesh Matkar.
  • Govind bhai Rabari
  • Homesh Bhujade
  • Karnabhai Maldhari
  • Late Ganpatrao Kolekar
  • Madhusudanrao Holkar
  • Poonabhai Soorabhai Bharwad
  • Ummed singh Rabari

Sports

Hockey

  • Dada Kishan Lal. Former Captain, awarded Padma Shri

Wrestlers

  • Aaba Sul - Maharashtra Kusti Mahavir.
  • Bapurao Lokhande - Maharashtra Kesari.
  • Gorakh Sarak - Maharashtra Kesari.
  • Pappu Yadav – Hind Kesari

Other

  • Dr. Babasaheb Bandgar. VC, Solapur University.
  • S.M.Lokhande, Loco Pilot, National Railway Mazdoor Union, Running Staff Leader, Central Railway

See also

External links

References

  1. ^ Prof. Dr. R. N. Sakasena, Dhangars and Gadariyas, The Most Backward Divisions of Indian Tribes and Castes, Research Paper
  2. ^ Dhangar Samaj Prachin Eitihas va Kul Gotra, Ganpatrao Kolekar, 1992.(Marathi)
  3. ^ The The Castes and Tribes of H.E.H. the Nizam's Dominions By Syed Siraj ul Hassan
  4. ^ The Tribes and Castes of Bombay By Reginald Edward Enthoven
  5. ^ Rajputs and Dhangars have same or common Gotras
  6. ^ R V Russel, The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provices of India, Vol II, pg 118
  7. ^ Bombay Gazetter, Vol. IX, Part I, pp 267-285
  8. ^ Dr. D. D. Kosambi, Myth and Reality: Studies in the Formation of Indian Culture,pg 28. 1962, Popular Prakashan, Mumbai.
  9. ^ Dr. D. D. Kosambi, Pracheen Bharat Ki Sanskriti Aur Sabhyata, pg 148
  10. ^ R V Russel, The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provices of India, Vol II, pg 118
  11. ^ Bombay Gazetter, Vol. IX, Part I, pp 267-285
  12. ^ For details see K.C. Malhotra et al., ’Gene differentiation among the Dhangar caste cluster of Maharashtra. India’, Human Heredity, Vol. 28, pp. 23-26.
  13. ^ Landscapes in Conflict: Flocks, Hero-stones, and Cult in early medieval Maharashtra. Ajay Dandekar
  14. ^ For instance, the Dhangars consider ’350’ an ideal number of sheep, 60 buffaloes and 20 cows for a unit of five to seven families. There also happen to be three and a half auspicious periods. See G.D. Sontheimer, ’The Dhangars: a nomadic pastoral community in a developing agricultural environment’, G.D. Sontheimer and L.S. Leshnik, eds., Pastoralists and Nomads in South Asia, Wiesbaden, 1975, p. 140.
  15. ^ Dhangars of the Konkan region, Mahur region, Telang region, Varhad region etc are also called Kokani, Mahure, Telange, Tellari, Varhadi respectively like Marathe. Jhade are from eastern Vidharbha. They fall in either of the one sub-divisions.
  16. ^ Peter Mundy. Travels. R.C. Temple, ed., Travels of Peter Mundy, Vol. II, London, 1914, pp. 95-96. Mundy recorded that a Banjara caravan could have as many as 20,000 bullocks. On an average, the Banjara tanda (camp) would consist of 10-12 thousand bullocks. These bullocks were provided by the Dhangars. The Banjaras were not only salt, grain merchants, but traded in cattle. Sontheimer suggests that the name Banjara could be derived from term Vanchara (Vanjara) meaning ’roaming in the woods (with cattle) ’. There thus exists a symbiotic relationship between the Dhangars and the Banjaras or Vanjaras where the latter provided the Dhangars grain for cattle and the former provided the Banjaras or Vanjaras with bullocks.
  17. ^ Dhangar Samaj Prachin Eitihas va Kul Gotra, Ganpatrao Kolekar, 1992.(Marathi)
  18. ^ Ajay Dandekar, The Warlis and the Dhangars, The Context of the Commons.
  19. ^ Paper by Rai Bahādur Panda Baijnāth, Superintendent, Bastar State.
  20. ^ Paper by Kanhya Lāl, clerk in the Gazetteer office
  21. ^ The Castes and Tribes of H. E. H. The Nizam’s Dominions, Bombay. 1920, pp. 248-66.
  22. ^ S.B. Joshi. ’Etymology of place-names’, Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, Vol. 13, 1952, 5066;
  23. ^ also see Sontheimer. Pastoral Deities of Western India. London, 1989, p. 127.
  24. ^ Landscapes in Conflict: Flocks, Hero-stones, and Cult in early medieval Maharashtra. Ajay Dandekar. Centre For Historical Studies, Jawaharlal Nehru University
  25. ^ see modern day Marathwada(country of Dhangars) i.e. area around Hingoli
  26. ^ The The Castes and Tribes of H.E.H. the Nizam's Dominions, by Syed Siraj ul Hassan
  27. ^ The Tribes and Castes of Bombay by Reginald Edward Enthoven
  28. ^ The The Castes and Tribes of H.E.H. the Nizam's Dominions By Syed Siraj ul Hassan
  29. ^ The Tribes and Castes of Bombay By Reginald Edward Enthoven
  30. ^ The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India by R. V. Russell
  31. ^ The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India by R. V. Russell
  32. ^ Mahrattas - LoveToKnow 1911
  33. ^ The The Castes and Tribes of H.E.H. the Nizam's Dominions By Syed Siraj ul Hassan
  34. ^ Dhangar Samaj Prachin Eitihas va Kul Gotra, Ganpatrao Kolekar, 1992.(Marathi)
  35. ^ Bhartiya Sanskruti Kosh Vol 2, p. 128.
  36. ^ Dhangar Samaj Prachin Eitihas va Kul Gotra, Ganpatrao Kolekar, 1992.(Marathi)
  37. ^ Kaka Kalelkar Commission Report, B D Deshmukh report, Edate report etc
  38. ^ Mohamed Rahmatulla, Census of India Vol XXI, Hyderabad State, Part I Report, 1921, p. 244
  39. ^ Bharat Samachar
  40. ^ Dances of Maharashtra-Dhangri Gaja-Tamasha
  41. ^ People of India - Page 801 by Kumar Suresh Singh, B. V. Bhanu, Anthropological Survey of India - Maharashtra (India) - 2004
  42. ^ reaffirmed, confirmed and declared in 1933 in the conference of Hindu Mahasabha which was held at Ajmer.
  43. ^ The present day Clan system of Kshatriya, Suryavanshi, Chandravanshi Lineages, have Rajput Gotras showing that Rajputs and Dhangar are same. The people of Rajputana are also called Rajput and historically Rajputs mean intermarrying Royal Clans.
  44. ^ Dhangar Samaj Prachin Eitihas va Kul Gotra, Ganpatrao Kolekar, 1992.(Marathi)
  45. ^ Molecular insight into the genesis of ranked caste populations of western India by Sonali Gaikwad and VK Kashyap
  46. ^ {Kashyap, VK and Guha, S. and Sitalaximi, T. and Bindu, G.H. and Hasnain, S.E. and Trivedi, R.. "Genetic structure of Indian populations based on fifteen autosomal microsatellite loci", pp. 28. 
  47. ^ Bhartiya Sanskruti Kosh, Vol 1 page 472
  48. ^ Dhangar Samaj, Prachin Eitihas wa gotra, G B Kolelar, 1992
  49. ^ Rigved M.1 S 89
  50. ^ Dhangar Samaj, Prachin Eitihas wa gotra, G B Kolelar, 1992
  51. ^ Ajay Dandekar, The Warlis and the Dhangars, The Context of the Commons.
  52. ^ see 108 (number)
  53. ^ Dhangar Samaj Prachin Eitihas va Kul Gotra, Ganpatrao Kolekar, 1992.(Marathi)
  54. ^ Dhangar samajachi gotre, Ganpatrao Kolekar, 1981 (Marathi)
  55. ^ Hamara Samaj, Bharat ke Meshpal, 1973 (Hindi)
  56. ^ Holkaron Ka Eithihas, Madhusudanrao Holkar(Hindi), 2000
  57. ^ Holkaron Ka Eithihas, Madhusudanrao Holkar(Hindi), 2000
  58. ^ Prof. Dr. R. N. Sakasena, Dhangars and Gadariyas, The Most Backward Divisions of Indian Tribes and Castes, Research Paper
  59. ^ note: The list of other names or alternate names is confirmed as per the Report of the Backward Classes Commission, Vol. II (Lists) by Kaka Kalelkar, 1955.(Kalelkar Commission)
  60. ^ Col.Tod, Annals and Antquities of Rajasthan, Vol II page 359, published by Rupa & Co.first published 1832,reprint 2002
  61. ^ The meaning of the Sanskrit word Ajapal/Ajpal is Shepherd
  62. ^ Col.Tod, Annals and Antquities of Rajasthan, Vol II page 359, published by Rupa & Co.first published 1832,reprint 2002
  63. ^ English writer Laurens compared her with Catherine the Great of Russia, Queen Elizbeth and Queen Margaret of Denmark.
  64. ^ Their Kuladaivat was Birrappa of Dhangars
  65. ^ Bhartiya Sanskruti Kosh Vol 2 and 8
  66. ^ Dhangar Samaj Prachin Eitihas va Kul Gotra, Ganpatrao Kolekar, 1992.(Marathi)
  67. ^ Chaanakya Ani Chandragupta Maurya , Adhich Hajaar varsh poorvichaa Itihaas" in Marathi by Shri Hari narayan Apte published in 1902 AD
  68. ^ The first statue installed in parliament house (at its 5th gate) is of the great Indian Emperor Chandragupta Maurya by Shri Hilda Selegman . It is incribed on it that " Shepherd boy Chandragupta Maurya dreaming of the India he was to create ".
  69. ^ Maurya is one of the Clans of Dhangars
  70. ^ called by Veer Savarkar as Sawai Sikander (Alexander)
  71. ^ V. D. Mahajan, Ancient India 1990, Pg 705
  72. ^ Dhangar Samaj Prachin Eitihas va Kul Gotra, Ganpatrao Kolekar, 1992.(Marathi)
  73. ^ Kamath (2001), p 159
  74. ^ Robert Sewell, A Forgotten Empire (Vijaynagar): A Contribution to the History of India, Chapter 2

Bibliography

  • Aiyer, N, S, Dhangar. Census of India, 1911, Vol XXIII: Travancore, Part I: Report, Trivandrum. 1912, p. 259
  • Allen B C, Dhangar, Census of India, 1901, Vol IV: Assam, Part I Report, Shillong, 1902, p 128
  • Anonymous, Dhangar. Census Report 1891, Bhagalpur Division, Purnea District p 58
  • B. Suryavansi, The Abhiras, their History and Culture, Baroda, 1962.
  • Baviskar, B. S. Cooperatves and caste in Maharashtra : A case study. Sociological Bulletin : XVIII:2:1969:148-166.
  • Beverley, H, Dhangar, Report on the census of Bengal, 1872, Calcutta, 1872 p 158
  • Bhatavadekar G K Deccani Dhangar, Report on the census of the Baroda Terretories, 1881, Bombay 1883, p 172
  • Blunt, E.A.H., Dhangar. The Caste System of North India. London. 1931 pg 62, 289
  • Chaubey Ganesh, The Dhangar Songs, Folklore, Vol I No 4, Calcutta 1958 pp 22-25
  • Chinoy, A. D., Dhangar. Census of India. 1901, Vol III: Berar, Part I Report, Allahabad, 1902, p. 128
  • Crooke W., Dhangar. Caste and Tribes of NWP & Oudh Vol II Calcutta, 1896, pp 263-271
  • Das, A.K., Roy Chowdhury, B. K., and Raha M.K, Hand Book on Schedule Castes and Schedule Tribes of West Bengal. Calcutta, Tribal Welfare Department, Government of West Bengal: 1966;31-32.
  • Desai, G,H, Dhangar, Census of India, 1911, Vol. XVI : Baroda, Part I : Report, Bombay 1911, p 290
  • Drake Brockman D L, Dhangars. District Gazetter of the U.P. of Agra and Oudh, Mirzapur, Vol XXVII. P 110
  • Durga Bhagwat, Pais, Bombay, 1973, pp. 38-41; G.D. Sontheimer, ‘Gopajananca dev’ in Kulkarni and Shete, Maharastraci Satvadhara, p. 104.
  • Edward Tuite Dalton, Descriptive Ethnology of Bengal. Calcutta, 1872.
  • Elliot H M, Dhangars. The races of the North Western Provinces of India, Vol I London 1869, p 16
  • Enthoven, R, E. Dhangar. The Tribes and Castes of Bombay, Vol. I. Bombay, 1920. pp 311-321.
  • Enthoven, R.E., 1920, Tribes and castes of Bombay Presidency. Bombay.
  • Epigraphica Indica, VIII, pp. 88-89.
  • G.D. Sontheimer, Pastoral Deities of Western India, London, 1989, p. 104.
  • Grait E A, Dhakar, Dhangar. Census of India 1891, Vol I Assam, Report, Shillong, 1892, p 221
  • Hassan, S.S., Dhangar. The Castes and Tribes of H.E.H. The Nizam Dominion. Vol I, Bombay 1920, pp 166-170
  • Hasting Warren, Dhangare. Census of India: 1891, Vol VI: Berar or Hyderabad Assigned Districts, Calcutta, 1892 p CI , Dhangars, P CIV
  • Hutton J H, Dhangar. Caste in India Bombay 1951 p 278
  • Jain S.P. Religion and caste ranking in the north Indian town. Sociological Bulletin: XX:2:1971:134-144.
  • Jagdish Saran Sharma, Encyclopaedia Indica, New Delhi, 1981.
  • K.C. Malhotra et al., ’Gene differentiation among the Dhangar caste cluster of Maharashtra. India’, Human Heredity, Vol. 28, pp. 23-26.
  • Karmakar, B and Malhotra, K.C. The correlations between ridge counts on different palmar interdigital areas of the Thellari Dhangars of Maharashtra, India. Spectra of Anthropological Progress:III:1980:19-22
  • Karve Irawati & Dandekar V M, Dhangar Anthropometric Measurements of Maharashtra, Poona 1951
  • Karve, Irawati, 1969, Maharashtra, Land and People. Bombay.
  • Kitts, E, J, Dhangar, Report on the census of Berar, 1881, Bombay 1882, p 130
  • Landscapes in Conflict: Flocks, Hero-stones, and Cult in early medieval Maharashtra. Ajay Dandekar. Centre for Historical Studies Jawaharlal Nehru University
  • Lila Caritra, see Nos. 50, 53, 78, 79, 260, 485, 640.
  • Malhotra, K. and M. Gadgil, ‘The ecological basis of the geographical distribution’, In People of South Asia.
  • Malhotra, K., 1978, ‘Natural selection and colour blindness: fresh data on Indian castes’, In Genetic research, 31.
  • Malhotra, K., 1980a, ‘Inbreeding among the four Dhangar castes of Maharashtra. India’. Collegium anthropoloquium, 3
  • Malhotra, K., 1980b, ‘Matrimonial distances among four Dhangar castes of Maharashtra’, South Asian Anthropology, 1
  • Malhotra, K., 1984, ‘Population structure among the Dhangar caste cluster of Maharashtra’. In J.R. Lukacs, (ed.), The People of South Asia.
  • Mead, P. J. & Macgregor, G L, Dhangars. Census of India, 1911, Vol. VII: Bombay Part I: Report, Bombay, 1912, p 253
  • Mitra, A. Dhangar. Census: 1951, West Bengal, The Tribes and Castes of West Bengal, Alipore, 1953, p 77
  • Modi Jivanji Jemshedji, On Dhangars and Dhavars of Mahabaleshwar. Journal of the Antropological Society of Bombay Vol 3 1894, pp 471-483
  • Mohammed Rahmatullah. Dhangar. Census of India, 1921, Vol:XXI: Hyderabad state. Part I: Report, Hyderabad Deccan. 1923, p. 244
  • Plowden W C, Dhangars, Report on the census of British India, 1881 Vol I London 1883, p 285
  • Prasad Satyanarain. Modern education among the tribals of Bihar in the second half of the 19th century. Man in India:LI:4:1971:365-393.
  • R.C. Dhere, Sriviththal: Ek Mahasamanyava, Pune, 1984, pp. 25-46.
  • Rishley H H, Dhangar. The tribes and castes of Bengal, Vol I Calcutta 1891 pp 166-168
  • Russell R V & Hira Lal Dhangar. The tribes and castes of the Central Provinces of India, London, 1916, Vol I p 359 Vol II pp 480-484, Vol IV p 299
  • Saksena, R.N., and Chinchalkar, Dhangars and Gadariyas: The Most backward divisions of Indian tribes and caste. Vanyajati: XXV:2: 1977:14-17.
  • Shashi, S.S. The Shephards of India. New Delhi, Sandeep Prakashan:1978
  • Sherring M A, Dhangar. Hindu Tribes and Castes as represented in Benaras, Calcutta 1872 Vol1 p 403, Vol II pp131-132, 190
  • Shree Shatradharma, Prachalit and pramikh kshtravansh and tyanche gotra, pravar, kuldaivat, kuldevata a Devak. Author: Bhramibhoot sadguru param pujya Moredada, Publisher: Shree Swami Samarth Seva And Adhyatmik vikas pradhan kendra District Nasik, Taluka Dindori, Maharashtra state. Printer: Shree Swami Samarth Gurukul Shree Shetra Trambkeshwar. Edition: Thursday 11 July 2002
  • Sontheimer, G.D., 1975, ‘The Dhangars’, In L.S. Leshnik and G.D. Sontheimer, (eds.), Nomads and pastoralists in South Asia. Wiesbaden.
  • Srinath Mhaskoba Devacem Caritra, Vir, 1962.
  • Thurston E, Dhangar. Caste and Tribes of Southern India, Madras, 1909 Vol II, p 167
  • Turner. A. C, Dhangar. Census of India, 1931, Vol XVIII: U.P of Agra and Oudh, PartI: Report, Allahabad, 1933, p.611.
  • Verma, SS, Manav sabhyata ki gangotri:Dhangar jati. The Varshiki: VII: 1963:87-90. In Hindi.
© jGames.co.uk 2007 (some content from Wikipedia under GDL ) !-- ValueClick Media 468x60 and 728x90 Banner CODE for jgames.co.uk -->
Your Ad Here