Dead zone (cell phone)
This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Dead_zone_(cell_phone)".

A display of bars on a mobile phone screen

The Mobile phone signal (or reception) is the strength of the connection the mobile phone has to its network. Depending on various factors, such as proximity to a tower, the signal may vary. Most mobile devices use a set of bars of varying heights to display the strength of the signal where the device is located.

Generally, a stronger mobile phone signal is easier to obtain in an urban area, though urban areas do have some "dead zones" where a reception cannot be obtained. On the contrary, many rural or minimally inhabited areas lack a signal or have a very weak reception, but many mobile phone providers are attempting to set up towers in parts of these areas most likely to be occupied by users, such as along major highways. Even some national parks and other popular tourist destinations away from urban areas now have cell phone receptions.

In an area where the signal would normally be strong, certain other factors may have an effect on the reception, thereby making it either stronger or weaker, or may cause complete interference. For example, a building with thick walls may prevent a mobile phone from being used. Many underground areas, such as tunnels and subway stations, lack a reception. And the weather and volume of network traffic may impact the strength.

It is also possible to block the signal with a mobile phone jammer. However, these are outlawed in many countries (see laws by country).

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Improving reception

Many companies try to sell devices that they claim, if installed into a mobile phone, can improve the reception in an area. However, none of these devices have been proven to work.

It is possible, though, to improve a signal within a house or building by installing an external antenna on the roof of the structure.

Dead zones

Areas where cell phones cannot transmit to a nearby cell site, base station, or repeater are known as dead zones. Dead zones are usually areas where cell phone service is not available because the signal between the handset and the cell site antenna is blocked, usually by hilly terrain, excessive foliage, physical distance, or tall buildings.

A number of factors can create dead zones which may exist even in locations in which a wireless carrier offers coverage, due to limitations in cellular network architecture (the locations of antenna), limited network density, interference with other cell sites, and topography. Since cell phones rely on radio waves, and radio waves travel though the air and are easily attenuated, cell phones may be unreliable at times. Like other radio transmissions, cell phone calls can be interrupted by large buildings, terrain, trees, or other objects between the phone and the nearest base station antennas.

Many wireless service providers work continually to improve and upgrade their networks in order to minimize dropped calls, access failures, and dead zones (which they call "coverage holes" or "no-service areas").

Dropped calls

Dropped call is the common term for a wireless mobile phone call that is terminated unexpectedly as a result of technical reasons, including presence in a dead zone.

One reason for a dropped call is when the mobile phone moves out of range of a wireless network. An active call cannot usually be maintained across a different company's network (as calls cannot be re-routed over the traditional phone network while in progress), resulting in the termination of the call once a signal cannot be maintained between the phone and the original network.

Another common reason is when a phone is taken into an area where wireless communication is unavailable, interrupted, interfered with, or jammed. From the network's perspective, this is the same as the mobile moving out of the coverage area.

Occasionally calls are dropped upon handoff between cells within the same provider's network. This may be due to an imbalance of traffic between the two cell sites' areas of coverage. If the new cell site is at capacity, it cannot accept the additional traffic of the call trying to "hand in." It may also be due to the network configuration not being set up properly, such that one cell site is not "aware" of the cell the phone is trying to hand off to. If the phone cannot find an alternative cell to move to that can take over the call, the call is lost.

Co-channel and Adjacent channel interference can also be responsible for dropped calls in a wireless network. Neighbour cells with the same frequencies interfere with each other, deteriorating the quality of service and producing dropped calls. Transmission problems are also a common cause of dropped calls. Another problem maybe a faulty transceiver (TRX) inside the base station.

A great amount of money and time is invested by wireless operators in order to improve the network quality of service (QOS) to acceptable values. Dropped calls along with congestion are the two most important customer perceived problems that affect the quality.

Calls can also be dropped if a mobile phone at the other end of the call loses battery power and stops transmitting abruptly. Sun spots and solar flares are rarely blamed for causing interference leading to dropped calls.

Experiencing too many dropped calls is a common customer complaint received by wireless service providers. They have attempted to address the complaint in various ways, including expansion of their home network coverage, increased cell capacity, and offering refunds for individual dropped calls.

Various signal booster systems are manufactured to reduce problems due to dropped calls and dead zones. Many options, such as wireless units and antennas, are intended to aid in strengthening weak signals.

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External links
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