Crossing number (knot theory)
This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Crossing_number_(knot_theory)".

In the mathematical area of knot theory, the crossing number of a knot is the minimal number of crossings of any diagram of the knot. It is a knot invariant.

By way of example, the unknot has crossing number zero, the trefoil knot three and the figure-eight knot four. There are no other knots with a crossing number this low and just two knots have crossing number 5, but the number of knots with a particular crossing number increases rapidly as the crossing number increases.

Tables of prime knots are traditionally indexed by crossing number, with a subscript to indicate which particular knot out of those with this many crossings is meant (this sub-ordering is not based on anything in particular, except that torus knots are listed first). The listing goes 3₁ (the trefoil knot), 4₁ (the figure-eight knot), 5₁, 5₂, 6₁, etc. This order has not changed significantly since P. G. Tait published a tabulation of knots in 1877.

There has been very little progress on understanding the behavior of crossing number under rudimentary operations on knots. A big open question asks if the crossing number is additive under the knot sum. It is also expected that a satellite of a knot K should have larger crossing number than K, but this has not been proven.

Additivity of crossing number under knot sum has been proven for special cases of alternating knots and torus knots. Marc Lackenby has also given a proof that there is a number N > 1 such that , but his method which utilizes normal surfaces cannot improve N to 1.

There are related concepts of average crossing number and asymptotic crossing number. Both of these quantites bound the standard crossing number. Asymptotic crossing number is conjectured to be equal to crossing number.

There are mysterious connections between crossing number of a knot and physical behavior of DNA knots. For prime DNA knots, crossing number is a good predictor of the relative velocity of the DNA knot in agarose gel electrophoresis. Basically, the higher the crossing number, the faster the relative velocity. For composite knots, this does not appear to be the case, although experimental conditions can drastically change the results.