Central Indo-Aryan languages

Central Indo-Aryan languages
This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Central_Indo-Aryan_languages".

Indo-Aryan languages, grouping according to SIL Ethnologue: Central and East Central zones Northern zone Northwestern zone Eastern zone Southern zone Insular

The Indo-Aryan languages include some 210 (SIL estimate) languages and dialects spoken by many people in Asia; this language family is a part of the Indo-Iranian language family.

content

1 Historical
2 Contemporary languages
3 See also
4 References

Historical

Further information: Linguistic history of India

Old Indo-Aryan (ca. 1500-300 BC)
- early Old Indo-Aryan: Vedic Sanskrit (1500 to 500 BCE)
- late Old Indo-Aryan: Epic Sanskrit, Classical Sanskrit (500 to 300 BCE)
Middle Indic (ca. 300 BCE to 1500 CE)
- early phase: 3rd century BC
  - Ashoka-Prakrits (3rd century BC regional dialects)
  - Pali (language of the Buddhist canon
  - early Ardhamagadhi (language of the oldest Jain sutras)
- middle phase (200 BCE to 700 CE)
  - Niya Prakrit
  - Ardhamagadhi (later Jain canon)
  - Dramatic Prakrits (Maurya period)
  - Sinhala Prakrit
  - hybrid Sanskrit (Mahayana canon)
- late phase: Apabhramsa (700 CE to 1500 CE)
  - Abahatta (Maghadi Apabhramsa)
  - Elu (Sinhalese Apabhramsa)
Early Modern Indic (Mughal period, 1500 to 1800)
- early Dakkhini (Kalmitul-hakayat 1580)
- emergence of Khariboli (Gora-badal ki katha, 1620s)
- emergence of "Urdu" at Delhi fort (1670s)

Contemporary languages

This classification follows Kausen (2005). The main differences from SIL are noted.

(SIL includes the Nuristani languages within Indo-Aryan.)

Dardic

(The relation of this family to other Indo-Aryan languages is unclear; SIL includes it in the Northwestern zone.)

Kunar languages

Pashayi
Gawar-Bati
Dameli
Shumashti
Nangalami (includes Grangali)

Chitral languages

Kohistani languages

Shina languages

Shina language
Brokskad (the Shina of Baltistan and Ladakh)
Ushojo
Domaaki
Palula
Savi

Kashmiri

Kashmiri

Northern Zone (Pahari)

Main article: Pahari

Nepali (Gurkali; includes Palpa)
Garwali (includes Tehri)
Kumauni

North-Western Zone

Map of areas where Dogri-Kangri languages are spoken

Dogri-Kangri languages

(included in Pahari by SIL)

Dogri-Kangri
Gaddi
Churahi
Bhattiyali
Bilaspuri
Harijan Kinnauri
Chambeali
Mandeali
Mahasu Pahari
Jaunsari
Pangwali
Potwari (also known as Mirpuri or Pothohari and sometimes grouped with Lahnda)

Panjabi

(included in the Central zone by SIL)

Eastern or Central Punjabi

Lahnda languages

Lahnda (West Punjabi)
Potwari (also known as Mirpuri or Pothohari and usually classified as Pahari)
Hindko
Mirpuri Punjabi
Saraiki (South Punjabi or Multani)
Northern Gujarati

Sindhi languages

Western Zone

(SIL includes these languages in the Central zone)

Rajasthani languages

Gujarati languages

Bhil languages

Bhili (includes Gamit)

Khandeshi

Ahirani (Kandeshi)

Domari-Romani

(treated as a separate group by Klausen)

Central Zone (Madhya or Hindi)

Indic, Central Zone

Main articles: Hindustani language and Hindi languages

West Central Zone (Western Hindi)

Haryanvi
Braj Bhasa-Kanauji
Khariboli (Hindustani, Standard Hindi, Urdu)
Bundeli
Bhaya
Sansi
Chamari
Ghera
Gowli

East Central Zone (Eastern Hindi)

(made a separate branch of Indo-Aryan by SIL)

Eastern Zone (Magadhan)

These languages derive from Magadhi Prakrit through Ardhamagadhi ("Half-Magadhi").

Bengali-Assamese languages

Bihari languages

Bhojpuri (includes Caribbean Hindustani)
Maithili
Magahi
Sadri
Oraon Sadri
Angika
Majhi
Musasa

Oriya languages

Tharu languages

(classification uncertain)

Southern Zone languages

Marathi (includes Dakhini Urdu)

Konkani Family

Insular Indic

The insular languages are spoken on the islands of Sri Lanka, Minicoy and the Maldives. They share several characteristics which set them apart significantly from their continental sister languages. (SIL makes them a separate branch of Indo-Aryan.)