Brodmann area 10
This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Brodmann_area_10".

Image of brain with Brodmann area 10 shown in red

Brodmann area 10, or BA10, is part of the frontal cortex in the human brain. BA10 encompasses the most anterior part of the frontal cortex, known as the frontopolar region. This area is believed to play a part in strategic processes involved in memory retrieval and executive function.

This area is also called frontopolar area 10, and it refers to a subdivision of the cytoarchitecturally defined frontal region of cerebral cortex. It occupies the most rostral portions of the superior frontal gyrus and the middle frontal gyrus. In humans, on the medial aspect of the hemisphere it is bounded ventrally by the superior rostral sulcus (H). It does not extend as far as the cingulate sulcus. Cytoarchitecturally it is bounded dorsally by the granular frontal area 9, caudally by the middle frontal area 46, and ventrally by the orbital area 47 and by the rostral area 12 or, in an early version of Brodmann's cortical map (Brodmann-1909), the prefrontal Brodmann area 11-1909.

Guenon

Brodmann area 10 is a subdivision of the frontal lobe of the guenon defined on the basis of cytoarchitecture. Brodmann-1909 did not regard it as cytoarchitecturally homologous to his human frontopolar area 10. Distinctive features (Brodmann-1905): compared to Brodmann area 9-1909, the multiform layer (VI) of area 10 shows an unusual organization of cells into trains oriented parallel to the cortical surface that are separated from one another by narrow cell-free fiber bundles; less marked differences are an overall thinner cortical thickness and a somewhat thicker molecular layer (I). Compared to Brodmann area 6-1909, area 10 has a subtle but clearly present internal granular layer (IV); layer 3b of the external pyramidal layer (III) is weakly developed and composed of medium sized pyramidal cells; and the internal pyramidal layer (V) is more developed.

Human vs. nonhuman

Prefrontal white matter, strongly associated with neotenous acceleration of neural maturation and particularly notable in BA10, shows the largest difference between human and nonhuman. Gray matter shows no significant difference, which suggests accelerated genetic expression and neotenous maturation of BA10 played a key role in human brain evolution.

Morphological comparisons

Casts taken from the inside of skull of 'Flo', the female Homo floresiensis designated LB1, revealed significant enlargement of Brodmann's area 10, a brain region thought responsible for planning. This neuromorphological feature is unique to H. floresiensis. By relative size, this area is much more prominent in Flo than in chimpanzees, or even in modern humans. This finding is compatible with earlier primate research, which suggests robust gorillas have less frontal cortex white matter than their gracile cousins, the chimpanzees, just as relatively robust humans appear to have relatively less development of BA10 compared to H. floresiensis.

Prefrontal white matter, strongly associated with neotenous acceleration of neural maturation and particularly notable in the BA10 of hominids, shows the largest difference between human and nonhuman mammals. Gray matter shows no significant difference, suggesting accelerated genetic expression and neotenous maturation of BA10 played a key role in human brain evolution.

Function

Although this region is quite extensive in humans, its exact function is still poorly understood. Koechlin & Hyafil have proposed that processing of 'cognitive branching' is the core function of the frontopolar cortex¹. Cognitive branching enables a previously running task to be maintained in a pending state for subsequent retrieval and execution upon completion of the ongoing one. Many of our complex behaviors and mental activities require simultaneous engagement of multiple tasks, and they suggest the anterior prefrontal cortex may perform a domain-general function in these scheduling operations. However, other hypotheses have also been proffered, such as those by Burgess et al.².

See also

• Brodmann area
• List of regions in the human brain
• Prefrontal cortex

References

1. ^ Koechlin, E. & Hyafil, A. (October 26, 2007). Anterior prefrontal function and the limits of human-decision making. Science, Vol. 318, 594-598.
2. ^ Burgess, P.W., Dumontheil, I., & Gilbert, S.J. (2007). The gateway hypothesis of rostral prefrontal cortex (area 10) function. Trends in Cognitive Science, Vol. 11, No. 7.

External links

• NeuroNames ancil-56 - "frontopolar area 10"
• NeuroNames ancil-58 - "Brodmann area 10"
• Courchesne E, Pierce K (2005). "Why the frontal cortex in autism might be talking only to itself: local over-connectivity but long-distance disconnection". Curr Opin Neurobiol 15 (2): 225–30. doi:10.1016/j.conb.2005.03.001. PMID 15831407.  ScienceDirect.com
• Schoenemann P, Sheehan M, Glotzer L (2005). "Prefrontal white matter volume is disproportionately larger in humans than in other primates". Nat Neurosci 8 (2): 242–52. doi:10.1038/nn1394. PMID 15665874.  PDF