Blood values
This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Blood_values".

A reference range is a set of values used by a health professional to interpret a set of medical test results. The range is usually defined as the set of values 95% of the normal population falls within.

The reference range will vary, depending on the age, sex and race of a population, and even the instruments the laboratory uses to perform the tests. Furthermore, by definition, 5% of the normal population will fall outside the reference range. The values given below therefore are given as examples only and should not be used to interpret individual test results. Factors other than medical conditions can affect laboratory values, such as male or female sex, diet, use of drugs (prescribed, over-the-counter and herbal remedies), and stress, as well as other more exotic factors like altitude.

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Contents

Clinical biochemistry

  • Items marked with a ** are part of "CHEM-7"[1] and CHEM-20
  • Items marked with a * are part of "CHEM-20"[2], but not CHEM-7

Electrolytes and Metabolites

Electrolytes and Metabolites:

Test [3] Patient type Lower limit [3] Upper limit[3] Unit Comments
** Sodium (Na) 135[4]-137[5] 145[5]-147[4] mmol/L or mEq/L[4]
** Potassium (K) 3.5[4]-3.6[5] 5.0[5][4]-5.1 mmol/L or mEq/L[4]
Chloride (Cl) 95[4]-98 105[4]-107 mmol/L or mEg/L[4]
Osmolality 275[4] 295[4] mOsm/kg
Urea 1.2[4]-2.5 3.0[4]-6.4 mmol/L ** BUN - blood urea nitrogen
7[4] 18[4]-21[5] mg/dL
* Uric acid[5] 0.18[4] 0.48[4] mmol/L
3.0[4]3.5 8.2[4]-8.5 mg/dL
** Creatinine male 62 115 μmol/L May be complemented with creatinine clearance
0.7 1.3 mg/dL
female 53 97 μmol/L
0.6 1.1 mg/dL
** Glucose (fasting) 3.8[4]-3.9 5.8-6.1[4] mmol/L See also glycosylated hemoglobin (in hematology)
65[5]-70[4] 105-110[5][4] mg/dL
Total serum iron (TSI) male 65[6]-76[5] 176[6]-198[5] µg/dL
female 26[5]-50[6] 170[6][5]
newborns[6] 100 250
children[6] 50 120
Total iron-binding capacity (TIBC) 240[6]-262[5] 450[6]-474[5]
Transferrin[5] 204 360 mg/dL
Transferrin saturation[6] 20 50  %
Ferritin[5] Male 18 250 ng/mL
Female 12 160

Acid and base

Further information: Acid base physiology
Further information: Arterial blood gas
Test Lower limit Upper limit Unit Comments
pH 7.34[5]-7.35[4] 7.44[5]-7.45[4]
[H+ 36[4] 44[4] nmol/L
base excess -3 +3
PO2 10[4] 13-14[4] kPa
75[5][4] 100[5]-105[4] mmHg
** PCO2 4.4[4]4.8 5.8-5.9[4] kPa
33[4]-35[5] 44[4]-45[5] mmHg
Bicarbonate (HCO3-) 18 23 mmol/L
Standard bicarbonate (SBCe) 21-22[4] 27-28[4] mmol/L or mEq/L[4]

Liver function

Further information: Liver function tests
Test Lower limit Upper limit Unit Comments
* Total Protein 60[4]-63[5] 78[4]-82[5] g/L
* Albumin 35[7][4] 48[5]-55[4] g/L
3.5[5] 4.8[5]-5.5[4] U/L
Globulins 23[4] 35[4] g/L
* Total Bilirubin 2[4] 17[4] μmol/L
0.1[4]-0.2[5] 1.0[4]-1.3[5] mg/dL
* Direct Bilirubin 0.0[4] 5[4] μmol/L
0[5][4] 0.3[5][4] mg/dL
* Alanine transaminase (ALT) 7[5]-8 [4] 20[4], 40, 56[5] U/L Also called serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT)
* Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) 20[4]-38[5] 70[4]-126[5] U/L p-NPP at 30 degrees C[4]
Higher in children and pregnant women.
* Gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) 8[5] 50-78[5] U/L

Cardiac tests

Test Lower limit Upper limit Unit Comments
Creatine kinase (CK) - male 24[8]-38[5] 195 U/L
or ng/mL
Creatine kinase (CK) - female 24[9]-38[5] 170 U/L
CK-MB[5] 0 3 ng/mL
Troponin[5] 0 0.4 ng/mL

Other enzymes and proteins

Test Lower limit Upper limit Unit Comments
* Aspartate transaminase (AST) 5[5]-8[4] 20[4]-35[5] U/L Also called serum glutamic oxatoacetic transaminase (SGOT)
* Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) 85 285 U/L
Amylase 25[4]-30[5] 110[5], 120[10], 125[4] U/L
C-reactive protein (CRP) n/a 5[11] mg/L
D-dimer n/a 500 ng/mL
Lipase[5] 7 60 U/L

Other ions and trace metals

Further information: Trace metals
Test Lower limit Upper limit Unit Comments
Ionised calcium (Ca) 1.15 1.29 mmol/L Some calcium is bound to albumin, thus not measured by certain techniques.
* Total calcium (Ca) 2.1[4] 2.8[4] mmol/L
8.4[4] 10.2[4] mg/dL
Phosphate (HPO42−) 0.8 1.5 [12] mM
Inorganic phosphorus (serum) 1.0[4] 1.5[4] mmol/L
3.0[4] 4.5[4] mg/dL
Copper (Cu) 11[13] 24 μmol/L
Zinc (Zn) 10 17 μmol/L

Lipids

Further information: Blood lipids
Test Lower limit Upper limit Unit Comments
Triglycerides 0.4 2 mmol/L
50[5] 250[5] mg/dL
* Total cholesterol 3.6[4] 5.0[14]-6.5[4] mmol/L
120[5]-140[4] 200[5]-250[4] mg/dL
HDL cholesterol (male) 0.7 1.9 mmol/L
HDL cholesterol (female) 0.9 2.4 mmol/L
LDL cholesterol 2.4 3[14] mmol/L Not valid when triglycerides >5.0 mmol/L.

Tumour markers

Further information: Tumour markers
Test Lower limit Upper limit Unit Comments
Alpha fetoprotein (AFP) n/a 10 kU/l
0 44[5] ng/mL
Alpha 1-antitrypsin (AAT) 20 53 mmol/L
150 350 mg/dL
Beta Human chorionic gonadotrophin (bHCG) n/a 5[5] IU/l in male and non-pregnant female
CA-125 (also CA12.5) n/a 35 U/ml
CA15.3 n/a 28 U/ml
CA19.9 n/a 40[5] U/ml
Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) - non-smokers n/a 3 μg/l
Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) - smokers n/a 5 μg/l
Prostate specific antigen (PSA) n/a 4[5] μg/L

Hormones

Further information: Hormones
Test Lower limit Upper limit Unit Comments
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) 0.3 3.0 mIU/L Also called: Thyrotropin
Free thyroxine (FT4) 9 24 pmol/L
0.8[5] 1.5[5] ng/dL
Total thyroxine 60[15] 140[15] nmol/L
5.5[5] 12.3[5] ng/mL
Free triiodothyronine (FT3) 2.5 5.3 pmol/L
0.2[15] 0.5[15] ng/dL
Total triiodothyronine 1.1[15] 2.7[15] nmol/L Values in children may be higher [15]
60[5]-75[15] 175[15]-181[5] ng/dL[15]
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) 1.3 15 pmol/L
20[5] 100[5] pg/mL
Cortisol (0830 h) 250 850 nmol/L Cortisol levels are higher in the morning than at night.
Cortisol (1630 h) 110 390 nmol/L
Growth hormone (fasting) 0 5[4] ng/mL
Growth hormone (arginine stimulation) 7[4] n/a ng/mL
Prolactin (male) n/a 450 mIU/L
Prolactin (female) n/a 580 mIU/L
Testosterone (male) 8 38 nmol/L
Testosterone (male prepuberty) 0.1 0.5 nmol/L
Testosterone (female) 0.3 2.5 nmol/L

Hematology

Red blood cells

Test Patient Lower limit Upper limit Unit Comments
Haemoglobin (Hb) male 2.1[4] 2.7[4] mmol/L Higher in neonates, lower in children.
132[5]-135[4] 162[5]-175[4] g/L
female 1.9[4] 2.5[4] mmol/L Sex difference negligible until adulthood.
115-120[4][5] 152[5]-160[4] g/L
Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) 4[16] 5.9[16]  % of Hb
Haematocrit (Hct) male 0.38, 0.4[5], 0.41[4] 0.52-0.53[4]
female 0.36[4]-0.37[5] 0.46[5][4]-0.47
Child 0.31[5] 0.43[5]
Hemoglobin in plasma 0.16[4] 0.62[4] μmol/L
1 4 mg/dL
Mean cell volume (MCV) Male 82[5] 102[5] fL Cells are larger in neonates, though smaller in other children.
Female 78[5] 101[5] fL
MCV standard deviation 35[5] 47[5] fL
Mean cell haemoglobin (MCH) 0.39[4] 0.54[4] fmol/cell
25[4]-26 34-35[4] pg/cell
Mean cell haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) 31[5] 35[5] g/dL
Red cell count (RBC) male 4.3[5][4]-4.5 5.9[4]-6.2[5] x1012/L
Female 3.5[4]-3.8[5] 5.5[5][4]-5.8 x1012/L
Infant/Child 3.8[5] 5.5[5] x1012/L
Reticulocytes 10 100 x109/L
Adult 0.5[5][4] 1.5[5] [4]  % of RBC
Newborn 1.1[5] 4.5[5]  % of RBC
Infant 0.5[5] 3.1[5]  % of RBC
Red blood cell distribution width (RDW) 11.5[5] 14.5[5]  % Coefficient of variation

White blood cells

Test Lower limit Upper limit Unit Comments
White Blood Cell Count (WBC.) 4.1[5]-4.5[4] 10.9[5]-11[4]
  • x109/L
  • x103/mm3 or
  • x103/μL
 Higher in neonates and infants.
Neutrophil granulocytes 2 7.5 x109/L Also known as granulocytes (grans), polys, PMNs, or segs.
45-54[4] 62[4]-74  % of WBC
Neutrophilic band forms 3[4] 5[4]  % of WBC
Lymphocytes 1.3 4 x109/L
16-25[4] 33[4]-45  % of WBC
Monocytes 0.2 0.8 x109/L
3[4]-4.0 7[4]-10  % of WBC
Mononuclear leukocytes 1.5 5 x109/L Lymphocytes + monocytes.
Mean: 35% of WBC.
20 35  % of WBC
CD4+ cells 0.4 [5] 1.8[5] x109/L
Eosinophil granulocytes 0.04 0.4 x109/L
1[4] 3[4]-7  % of WBC
Basophil granulocytes 0.01 0.1 x109/L
0.0 0.75[4]-2  % of WBC

Coagulation

Test Lower limit Upper limit Unit Comments
Platelet count (Plt) 140[5]-150[4] 400[4]-450[5] x109/L
Prothrombin time (PT) 11[4][17]-12[5] 13.5[17], 14[5], 15[4] s PT reference varies between laboratory kits - INR is standardised
INR 0.9 1.2 The INR is a corrected ratio of a patients PT to normal
Activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) 18[5]-29 28[5]-41 s
Thrombin clotting time (TCT) 11 18 s
Fibrinogen 1.7[5]-1.8 4.2[5] g/L
Bleeding time 2 9 minutes

Immunology

Category Test Patient Lower limit Upper limit Unit Comments
Acute phase protein
markers of Inflammation		 Erythrocyte sedimentation rate
(ESR)		 Male 0 Age÷2[18] mm/hr ESR increases with age and tends to be higher in females.[19]
Female (Age+10)÷2 [18]
C-reactive protein (CRP) 0 6 mg/L
Autoantibodies Antinuclear antibodies (ANA)
Extractable nuclear antigen (ENA)
Rheumatoid factor (RF) 0 20-30[5] IU/mL High levels not specific for Rheumatoid Arthritis alone.
Serology Antistreptolysin O titre
(ASOT)		 Preschoolers n/a 100 units/mL
School age 250[5]
Adult 125[5]

See also

References

  1. ^ MedlinePlus Encyclopedia 003462
  2. ^ MedlinePlus Encyclopedia 003468
  3. ^ a b c Unless else specified in boxes, then ref is: Ashwood, Edward R.; Tietz, Norbert W.; Burtis, Carl A. (1994). Tietz textbook of clinical chemistry, 2nd edition, Philadelphia: Saunders. ISBN 0-7216-4472-4. 
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm Last page of Deepak A. Rao; Le, Tao; Bhushan, Vikas (2007). First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 2008 (First Aid for the Usmle Step 1). McGraw-Hill Medical. ISBN 0-07-149868-0. 
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd Normal Reference Range Table from The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas. Used in Interactive Case Study Companion to PATHOLOGIC BASIS of DISEASE.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i Slon S (2006-09-22). "Serum Iron". University of Illinois Medical Center. Retrieved on 2006-07-06.
  7. ^
  8. ^
  9. ^
  10. ^
  11. ^
  12. ^ Walter F., PhD. Boron. Medical Physiology: A Cellular And Molecular Approaoch. Elsevier/Saunders. ISBN 1-4160-2328-3.  Page 849
  13. ^
  14. ^ a b
  15. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Table 4: Typical reference ranges for serum assays - Thyroid Disease Manager
  16. ^ a b "Hemoglobin A1c Test". MedicineNet.com. Retrieved on 2007-12-26.
  17. ^ a b MedlinePlus Encyclopedia 003652
  18. ^ a b Miller A, Green M, Robinson D (1983). "Simple rule for calculating normal erythrocyte sedimentation rate". Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 286 (6361): 266. PMID 6402065. Full text at PMC: 6402065. 
  19. ^ Böttiger LE, Svedberg CA (1967). "Normal erythrocyte sedimentation rate and age". Br Med J 2 (5544): 85–7. PMID 6020854. Full text at PMC: 6020854. 

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