Battle of Kunersdorf
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Battle of Kunersdorf
Part of the Seven Years' War
Date 12 August 1759 Location Kunersdorf, Margraviate of Brandenburg Result Decisive Russo-Austrian victory
Belligerents
Prussia	Russia Austria
Commanders
Frederick the Great	Pyotr Saltykov Ernst von Laudon
Strength
50,900	59,500
Casualties and losses
6,000 killed 13,000 wounded	5,000 killed 10,000 wounded

The Battle of Kunersdorf was Frederick the Great's most devastating defeat. On August 12, 1759, near Kunersdorf (Kunowice), east of Frankfurt (Oder), 50,900 Prussians were defeated by a combined army of 41,000 Russians and 18,500 Austrians under Pyotr Saltykov while Laudon commanded Austrian cavalry. Only 3,000 soldiers from original 50,900 Prussian army returned to Berlin after the battle, though many more had only scattered.

The battle started with a Prussian attack on the flank of the Russian positions. This attack was successful and if Frederick had stopped there (as his brother demanded), Kunersdorf would have been a Prussian victory. But the Prussian leader wanted to press his initial success and decided to continue the fight. While the Prussian attack faded, the Austrian cavalry (so far kept in reserve) entered the battle. However, King Frederick II was able to re-group and kept pressure on the allies.

The battle culminated in the early evening hours with a massive Prussian cavalry charge under Friedrich Wilhelm von Seydlitz upon the Russian center and artillery positions. The Prussian cavalry suffered heavy losses and retreated in complete disorder. Seydlitz himself was gravely wounded. The allied cavalry, included heavy Russian cavalry, Croats and Kalmyks, counterattacked and scattered what was left of the Prussian Army. King Frederick II himself barely escaped capture. He stood alone on a small hill with his rapier sticking in the ground before him - determined to either hold the line against the whole enemy army alone or die. Cavalry Captain Ernst Sylvius von Prittwitz came to the king's rescue with his 200 strong squadron and convinced Frederick to leave.

The Russians and Austrians lost less than 15,000 men (approx. 5,000 killed). The Prussians suffered a severe defeat losing 172 cannons, 6,000 killed, 13,000 wounded and 26,000 men that were scattered. Four days after the battle, most of the 26,000 scattered men turned up and Frederick's army recovered to a strength of 32,000 men and 50 cannon.

The Battle of Kunersdorf was the first battle where regular units of horse artillery were deployed. It was essentially a hybrid of cavalry and artillery where the entire crew rode horses in to battle. The unit had been formed only recently and fought on the Prussian side. Despite being wiped out during the battle, the batteries were reorganized the same year and participated in the Battle of Maxen.^[1]

Frederick's note from Kunersdorf

The king wrote to Berlin on the evening after the battle:

This morning at 11 o'clock I have attacked the enemy. ... All my troops have worked wonders, but at a cost of innumberable losses. Our men got into confusion. I assembled them three times. In the end I was in danger of getting captured and had to retreat. My coat is perforated by bullets, two horses of mine have been shot dead. My misfortune is that I am still living ... Our defeat is very considerable: To me remains 3,000 men from an army of 48,000 men. At the moment in which I report all this, everyone is on the run; I am no more master of my troops. Thinking of the safety of anybody in Berlin is a good activity ... It is a cruel failure that I will not survive. The consequences of the battle will be worse than the battle itself. I do not have any more resources, and - frankly confessed - I believe that everything is lost. I will not survive the doom of my fatherland. Farewell forever!

Notes

Sources

• Kungliga artilleriet: Det ridande artilleriet (1987) editor: Jonas Hedberg (summary in English) ISBN 91-85266-39-6