Autoimmune Disease
This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Autoimmune_Disease".

content
Autoimmune disease
Classification and external resources
ICD-9 279.4
OMIM 109100
DiseasesDB 28805
MedlinePlus 000816
MeSH D001327

Autoimmune diseases arise from an overactive immune response of the body against substances and tissues normally present in the body. In other words, the body attacks its own cells. This may be restricted to certain organs (e.g. in thyroiditis) or involve a particular tissue in different places (e.g. Goodpasture's disease which may affect the basement membrane in both the lung and the kidney). The treatment of autoimmune diseases is typically with immunosuppression, medication which decreases the immune response.

Contents

Gender influence

Nearly 79% of autoimmune disease patients in the USA are women. Also they tend to appear during or shortly after puberty. It is not known why this is the case, although hormone levels have been shown to affect the severity of some autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis.1 Other causes may include the presence of fetal cells in the maternal bloodstream. 2

Autoimmune diseases

It is possible to classify autoimmune diseases by corresponding type of hypersensitivity: type II, type III, or type IV. (No type of autoimmune disease mimics type I hypersensitivity.)3

Name Accepted/
suspected		 Hypersensitivity Autoantibody
Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) Accepted4
Addison's disease Accepted4
Alopecia Areata Accepted4
Ankylosing spondylitis Doubtful4
Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome (APS) Accepted4
Autoimmune hemolytic anemia Accepted5 II
Autoimmune hepatitis Accepted4 Anti-Smooth Muscle Actin
Autoimmune inner ear disease Suspected6
Bullous pemphigoid Accepted5 II Anti-Bullous Pemphigoid Antigen 1 and 2 (Hemidesmosome antigens)
Coeliac disease Accepted789 IV?? Anti-transglutaminase
Chagas disease Suspected10
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Suspected11 12
Dermatomyositis Accepted13
Diabetes mellitus type 1 Accepted4 IV
Endometriosis Suspected14
Goodpasture's syndrome Accepted4 II Anti-Basment Membrane Collagen Type IV Protein
Graves' disease Accepted4 II
Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) Accepted4 IV Anti-ganglioside
Hashimoto's disease Accepted4 IV
Hidradenitis suppurativa Suspected15
Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura Accepted4 II
Interstitial cystitis Suspected16
Lupus erythematosus Accepted4 III
Mixed Connective Tissue Disease Accepted4
Morphea Suspected17
Multiple sclerosis Accepted4 IV Anti-Myelin Basic Protein
Myasthenia gravis Accepted4 II
Narcolepsy Suspected18
Neuromyotonia Suspected19
Pemphigus Vulgaris Accepted4 II Anti-Desmogein 3
Pernicious anaemia Accepted20 II
Polymyositis Accepted13
Primary biliary cirrhosis Accepted21 Anti-p62, Anti-sp100, Anti-Mitochondrial(M2)
Rheumatoid arthritis Accepted4 III Rheumatoid factor
Schizophrenia Suspected222324
Scleroderma Suspected17 Anti-topoisomerase
Sjögren's syndrome Accepted4
Temporal arteritis (also known as "giant cell arteritis") Accepted4 IV
Vasculitis Accepted5 III
Vitiligo Suspected2526
Wegener's granulomatosis Accepted27 Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic(cANCA)

Development of therapies

In both autoimmune and inflammatory diseases the condition arises through aberrant reactions of the human adaptive or innate immune systems. In autoimmunity, the patient’s immune system is activated against the body's own proteins. In inflammatory diseases, it is the overreaction of the immune system, and its subsequent downstream signaling (TNF, IFN, etc), which causes problems.

A substantial minority of the population suffers from these diseases, which are often chronic, debilitating, and life-threatening. There are more than eighty illnesses caused by autoimmunity. It has been estimated that autoimmune diseases are among the ten leading causes of death among women in all age groups up to 65 years.28

Currently, a considerable amount of research is being conducted into treatment of these conditions. According to a report from Frost & Sullivan, the total alliance payouts in the autoimmune/inflammation segment from 1997 to 2002 totaled $489.8 million, where Eli Lilly, Suntory, Procter & Gamble, Encysive, and Novartis together account for 98.6 percent of alliance payouts.29

References

  1. ^ "A Gender Gap in Autoimmunity". Retrieved on 2007-10-19.
  2. ^ "JAMA -- Abstract: Microchimerism: An Investigative Frontier in Autoimmunity and Transplantation, March 3, 2004, Adams and Nelson 291 (9): 1127". Retrieved on 2007-10-19.
  3. ^ Parham, Peter (2005). The immune system. New York: Garland Science. pp.344. ISBN 0-8153-4093-1. 
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t MeSH Autoimmune+Diseases
  5. ^ a b c "Autoimmune Disorders: Immune Disorders: Merck Manual Home Edition".
  6. ^ "Autoimmune Inner Ear Disease, Baylor College of Medicine" (1993).
  7. ^ "Celiac Disease".
  8. ^ Meize-Grochowski R (2005). "Celiac disease: a multisystem autoimmune disorder". Gastroenterol Nurs 28 (5): 394–402; quiz 403–4. doi:10.1097/00001610-200509000-00005. PMID 16234635, http://meta.wkhealth.com/pt/pt-core/template-journal/lwwgateway/media/landingpage.htm?issn=1042-895X&volume=28&issue=5&spage=394. 
  9. ^ Sollid LM, Jabri B (December 2005). "Is celiac disease an autoimmune disorder?". Curr. Opin. Immunol. 17 (6): 595–600. doi:10.1016/j.coi.2005.09.015. PMID 16214317, http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0952-7915(05)00158-5. 
  10. ^ Hyland KV, Engman DM (2006). "Further thoughts on where we stand on the autoimmunity hypothesis of Chagas disease". Trends Parasitol. 22 (3): 101–2; author reply 103. doi:10.1016/j.pt.2006.01.001. PMID 16446117. 
  11. ^ Agustí A, MacNee W, Donaldson K, Cosio M. (2003). "Hypothesis: does COPD have an autoimmune component?". Thorax 58 (10): 832–834. doi:10.1136/thorax.58.10.832. PMID 14514931. 
  12. ^ Lee SH, Goswami S, Grudo A, et al (2007). "Antielastin autoimmunity in tobacco smoking-induced emphysema". Nat. Med. 13 (5): 567–9. doi:10.1038/nm1583. PMID 17450149. 
  13. ^ a b "Polymyositis and Dermatomyositis: Autoimmune Disorders of Connective Tissue: Merck Manual Home Edition".
  14. ^ Gleicher N, el-Roeiy A, Confino E, Friberg J (1987). "Is endometriosis an autoimmune disease?". Obstetrics and gynecology 70 (1): 115–22. PMID 3110710. 
  15. ^ "Clinical Trial: Etanercept in Hidradenitis Suppurativa". Retrieved on 2007-07-08.
  16. ^ Kárpáti F, Dénes L, Büttner K (1975). "[Interstitial cystitis=autoimmune cyatitis? Interstitial as a participating disease in lupus erythematosus]" (in German). Zeitschrift für Urologie und Nephrologie 68 (9): 633–9. PMID 1227191. 
  17. ^ a b Takehara K, Sato S (2005). "Localized scleroderma is an autoimmune disorder". Rheumatology (Oxford, England) 44 (3): 274–9. doi:10.1093/rheumatology/keh487. PMID 15561734. 
  18. ^ Carlander, B., Eliaou J.F., Billiard M. (1993). "Autoimmune hypothesis in narcolepsy.". Neurophysiol. Clin. 23: 15. doi:10.1016/S0987-7053(05)80279-5. 
  19. ^ Maddison P (2006). "Neuromyotonia". Clinical neurophysiology : official journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology 117 (10): 2118–27. doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2006.03.008. PMID 16843723. 
  20. ^ "MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia: Pernicious anemia". Retrieved on 2008-04-05.
  21. ^ Eaton WW, Byrne M, Ewald H, et al (2006). "Association of schizophrenia and autoimmune diseases: linkage of Danish national registers". The American journal of psychiatry 163 (3): 521–8. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.163.3.521. PMID 16513876. 
  22. ^ Jones AL, Mowry BJ, Pender MP, Greer JM (2005). "Immune dysregulation and self-reactivity in schizophrenia: do some cases of schizophrenia have an autoimmune basis?". Immunol. Cell Biol. 83 (1): 9–17. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1711.2005.01305.x. PMID 15661036. 
  23. ^ Strous RD, Shoenfeld Y (2006). "Schizophrenia, autoimmunity and immune system dysregulation: a comprehensive model updated and revisited". J. Autoimmun. 27 (2): 71–80. doi:10.1016/j.jaut.2006.07.006. PMID 16997531. 
  24. ^ "Questions and Answers about Vitiligo". Retrieved on 2007-08-06.
  25. ^ "A New Gene Linked to Vitiligo and Susceptibility to Autoimmune Disorders - Journal Watch Dermatology". Retrieved on 2007-08-06.
  26. ^ Sánchez-Cano D, Callejas-Rubio JL, Ortego-Centeno N (April 2008). "Effect of rituximab on refractory Wegener granulomatosis with predominant granulomatous disease". J Clin Rheumatol 14 (2): 92–3. doi:10.1097/RHU.0b013e31816b4487 (inactive 25 June 2008). PMID 18391678, http://meta.wkhealth.com/pt/pt-core/template-journal/lwwgateway/media/landingpage.htm?an=00124743-200804000-00008. 
  27. ^ Noel R. Rose and Ian R. MacKay, “The Autoimmune Diseases” fourth edition
  28. ^ Frost & Sullivan Report, “Antibody Technology Developments” September 2005

External links

v • d • e
Pathology: Immune disorders (primarily D80-D89, 273, 279)
Immunodeficiency
Other
Immunoproliferative
Other
Hypersensitivity and Autoimmunity/Autoimmune disease
v • d • e
Immune disorders: Hypersensitivity and autoimmune diseases
I/allergy/atopy
(IgE)
II/ADCC
(IgM, IgG)
III
(Immune complex)
IV/cell-mediated
(T-cells)
Unknown/
multiple
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