Aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase

Aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase
This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Aromatic-L-amino-acid_decarboxylase".

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Ribbon diagram of a domestic pig DOPA decarboxylase dimer. From PDB 1JS3.
DOPA decarboxylase (aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase)
Identifiers
Symbol	DDC
Entrez	1644
HUGO	2719
OMIM	107930
RefSeq	NM_000790
UniProt	P20711
Other data
EC number	4.1.1.28
Locus	Chr. 7 p11

Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.28, synonyms: DOPA decarboxylase, tryptophan decarboxylase, 5-hydroxytryptophan decarboxylase, AAAD) is a lyase enzyme.

1 Reactions
2 As a rate limiting step
3 Genetics
4 See also
5 Reference
6 External links

Reactions

It catalyzes several different decarboxylation reactions:

L-DOPA to dopamine - a neurotransmitter
5-HTP to serotonin (5-HT) - also a neurotransmitter
tryptophan to tryptamine - a precursor to many alkaloids found in plants and animals

The enzyme uses pyridoxal phosphate as a cofactor.

As a rate limiting step

In normal dopamine and serotonin (5-HT) neurotransmitter synthesis, AAAD is not the rate-limiting step in either reaction. However, AAAD becomes the rate-limiting step of dopamine synthesis in patients treated with L-DOPA (such as in Parkinson's Disease), and the rate-limiting step of serotonin synthesis in people treated with 5-HTP (such as in mild depression or dysthymia).

AAAD is the rate-limiting enzyme in the formation of biogenic trace amines.

dopamine

serotonin

Genetics

The gene encoding the enzyme is referred to as DDC and located on chromosome 7 in humans.^[1] Single nucleotide polymorphisms and other gene variations have been investigated in relation to neuropsychiatric disorders, e.g., a one-base pair deletion at –601 and a four-base pair deletion at 722–725 in exon 1 in relation to bipolar affective disorder^[2] and autism.^[3]

Reference

^ Lisa J. Scherer, John D. McPherson, John J. Wasmuth and J. Lawrence Marsh (June 1992). "Human dopa decarboxylase: Localization to human chromosome 7p11 and characterization of hepatic cDNAs". Genomics 13 (2): 469–471. doi:10.1016/0888-7543(92)90275-W. PMID 1612608.
^ A. D. Borglum, T. G. Bruun, T. E. Kjeldsen, H. Ewald, O. Mors, G. Kirov, C. Russ, B. Freeman, D. A. Collier & T. A. Kruse (November 1999). "Two novel variants in the DOPA decarboxylase gene: association with bipolar affective disorder". Molecular psychiatry 4 (6): 545–541. doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4000559. PMID 10578236.
^ Marlene B. Lauritsen, Anders D. Borglum, Catalina Betancur, Anne Philippe, Torben A. Kruse, Marion Leboyer & Henrik Ewald (May 2002). "Investigation of two variants in the DOPA decarboxylase gene in patients with autism". American journal of medical genetics 114 (4): 466–460. doi:10.1002/ajmg.10379. PMID 11992572.

External links

MeSH Aromatic-L-Amino-Acid+Decarboxylases

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v • d • e Carbon-carbon lyases (EC 4.1)

4.1.1: Carboxy-lyases	Pyruvate decarboxylase -Oxaloacetate decarboxylase - Acetoacetate decarboxylase - Malonyl-CoA decarboxylase - Glutamate decarboxylase - Ornithine decarboxylase - Lysine decarboxylase - Phosphoribosylaminoimidazole carboxylase - Histidine decarboxylase - Uridine monophosphate synthetase/Orotidine 5'-phosphate decarboxylase - Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase - Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase - Pyrophosphomevalonate decarboxylase - Uroporphyrinogen III decarboxylase - RuBisCO - Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase - Adenosylmethionine decarboxylase

4.1.2: Aldehyde-lyases	Aldolase A/Aldolase B - 2-hydroxyphytanoyl-CoA lyase - Threonine aldolase

4.1.3: Oxo-acid-lyases	3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA lyase

v • d • e Metabolism: amino acid metabolism - neurotransmitter enzymes

histidine→histamine	anabolism: Histidine decarboxylase catabolism: Histamine N-methyltransferase - Amine oxidase

tyrosine→dopamine→epinephrine	anabolism: Tyrosine hydroxylase - Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase - Dopamine beta hydroxylase - Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase catabolism: Catechol-O-methyl transferase - Monoamine oxidase

glutamate→GABA	anabolism: Glutamate decarboxylase catabolism: 4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase - 4-aminobutyrate transaminase

tryptophan→serotonin→melatonin	Tryptophan hydroxylase - Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase - Acetylserotonin O-methyltransferase

arginine→NO	Nitric oxide synthase (NOS1, NOS2A, NOS3)

choline→Acetylcholine	anabolism: Choline acetyltransferase catabolism: Cholinesterase (Acetylcholinesterase, Butyrylcholinesterase)

see also intermediates

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Contents

Reactions

As a rate limiting step

Genetics

See also

Reference

External links