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| Argentina | Chile |
Argentina - Chile relations refers to interstate relations between the Republic of Chile and the Argentine Republic. Argentina and Chile share the world's third-longest international border, which is 5,300 km long and runs from north to the south along the Andes mountains. During much of the 19th and the 20th century, relations between the countries chilled due to disputes over Patagonia, though in recent years relations have improved dramatically. Despite increased trade between the two countries they have followed quite different economic policies; Chile has signed free trade agreements with countries such as China, the EU, the USA, Canada and South Korea and is an active member of the APEC, while Argentina belongs to the Mercosur regional free trade area.
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Historical Relations (1550-1989)
Rule under Spain and Independence
Both countries have traditionally had a difficult relationship with the other. These difficulties can be traced back to colonial times. Both colonies were offshoots of the Viceroyalty of Peru, with the Viceroyalty of Rio de la Plata (which Argentina was a part of) being broken off in 1776, and Chile not being broken off until independence. Argentina and Chile were close allies during the wars of independence from Spain. Chile, like most of the revolting colonies, was defeated at a point by Spanish armies, while Argentina remained independent throughout its war with Spain. After the Chilean defeat in the Disaster of Rancagua the remnants of the Chilean Army took refuge in Mendoza. As Argentinian General José de San Martín was by that time governor of the region, he formed the Army of the Andes (which was made up by Argentine soldiers and Chilean exiles). In 1817, General San Martín crossed the Andes and defeated the Spaniards and confirmed the Chilean Independence. While he was in Chile, San Martín was offered the governorship of Chile, which he declined, instead proposing that O'Higgins serve as head of state. San Martín later commanded the Army of the Andes, which was at that point made up mostly of Chilean soldiers, in the liberation of Peru from Spanish rule. An envoy from Chile is sent to London inviting Lord Thomas Cochrane to create the Chilean Navy. The naval fleet after being built consisted of seven ships, launched a sea campaign to fight the Spanish fleet in the Pacific in order to liberate Peru. After a successful land and sea campaign, San Martin proclaimed the independence of Peru in 1821.
Claims on Patagonia
Argentina declared its Independence in 1816 and Chile in 1818 and after the Spaniards were expelled, the relations soured. This was primarily due to a border dispute: both nations claimed the totality of Patagonia.
Attempts to clear up the dispute were unsuccessful until 1881, when Chile was fighting the War of the Pacific against both Bolivia and Peru. In order to avoid fighting Argentina as well, Chilean President Aníbal Pinto authorized his envoy, Diego Barros Arana to hand over as much territory as was needed to avoid Argentina siding with Bolivia and Peru. Barros succeeded in his mission: Argentina received the continental Patagonia and Chile the Straits of Magellan. However, border disputes continued as Patagonia was still an unexplored area. The definition of the border used in 1881 established the highest mountains that divides the drainage basins to the Pacific Ocean and the Atlantic as border. This concept was easy to apply in northern regions but in Patagonia drainage basins crossed the Andes; this led to dispute what over the highest peaks would be the frontier (favouring Argentina) or the drainage basins (favouring Chile). In 1902, war was again avoided when British King Edward VII agreed to mediate between the two nations. He established the current border in the Patagonia region in part by dividing many disputed lakes into two equal parts, most of these lakes still have one name on each side of the frontier.
Beagle conflict
Trouble once again began to brew in the 1960s, when Argentina began to claim that the Picton, Lennox and Nueva islands in the Beagle Channel were rightfully hers, although this was in direct contradiction of the 1881 treaty, as the Beagle Channel Arbitration, the Pope, and the initial Beagle Channel cartography since 1881 stated.
Both countries submitted the controverse to binding arbitration of an international tribunal. The award (see Beagle Channel Arbitration between the Republic of Argentina and the Republic of Chile, Report and Decision of the Court of Arbitration) recognized 1977 all the islands to Chile, but Argentine unilaterally repudiated the sentence and planed a War of aggression[1] against Chile.
On 1978 Direct negotiations between Chile and Argentina in 1977-78 failed and relations became extremely tense. Chile and Argentina sent troops to the border in Patagonia and large areas were mined. Argentina started on 22 December the Operation Soberanía in order to invade the islands and continental Chile, but after few hours stopped the operation when the Pope John Paul II sent a personal message to both presidents urging a peaceful solution. Both countries agreed the Pope to mediate the dispute through the good offices of Cardinal Antonio Samoré (Papal mediation in the Beagle conflict), his special envoy.
On January 9, 1979 the Act of Montevideo was signed in Uruguay pledging both sides to a peaceful solution and a return to the military situation of early 1977. The conflict was still latent during the Falklands war and was resolved only after the fall of the Argentine junta.
Chile keep in mind the repudiatory breach of contract[2][3][4][5][6][7].
The Falklands War
- See also: Events leading to the Falklands War
During the Falklands War (Spanish: Guerra de las Malvinas/Guerra del Atlántico Sur) in 1982, with the still pending Beagle conflict, Chile and Colombia became the only Latin American countries to abstain from voting in the TIAR (as did also USA and Trinidad Tobago). Chile provided the UK with ‘limited, but significant information’ . The Chilean Connection is described in detail by Sir Lawrence Freedman in his book The Official History of the Falklands Campaign.
Post-Pinochet democratic governments have given greater support to the Argentine claim. [8] [9] [10]
Peace and Friendship Treaty
The Peace and Amity Treaty of 1984 was an agreement signed in 1984 between Argentina and Chile establishing the friendship relation between the two countries. Particularly, the treaty also defines limitation of the Strait of Magellan and over the possession of the Picton, Lennox and Nueva islands and sea located south of Tierra del Fuego, granting the islands to Chile, navigation rights to both countries and the most part of the Exclusive Economic Zone eastwards of the Cape Horn-Meridian to Argentina.
After that, other border disputes were resolved by peaceful means.
Recent years (1990-2007)
In the 1990s relations improved dramatically. The dictator and last president of the Argentine Military Junta General Reynaldo Bignone called for democratic elections in 1983 and Augusto Pinochet of Chile in 1990. As a consequence militaristic tendencies faded in the Southern Cone. The Argentinian presidents Carlos Menem and Fernando de la Rúa had particularly good relations with Chile.
Border issues
In bilateral manner, both countries settled all the remaining disputes except Laguna del Desierto, which was decided by International Arbitration in 1994. The decision favoured Argentine claims.
According to a 1998 negotiation held in Buenos Aires, a 50 kilometers section of the boundary in the Southern Patagonian Ice Field is still pending of mapping and demarcation according to the limits already settled by the 1881 treaty. In 2006 president Néstor Kirchner invited Chile to define the border, but Michelle Bachelet's government left the invitation unanswered.[11] The same year, the Chilean government sent a note to Argentina complaining about Argentine tourism maps that showed a normal boundary in the Southern Patagonian Icefield with most of the area belonging to Argentina. (map of the area)
Officially Chile supports the Argentine claim on the Falkland Islands which they named Islas Malvinas. [12] [13]
Geopolitics over Antarctica and the control of the passages between the south Atlantic and the south Pacific have lead to the founding of cities and towns such as Ushuaia and Puerto Williams both claiming to be the southernmost cities in world. Actually in the Antarctica both countries, along with the United Kingdom, have research bases. The three nations claims the totality of Antarctic Peninsula.
See also: Argentine Antarctica, Antártica Chilena Province
Economy and Energy
Menem signed a Natural gas exportation treaty with Chilean president Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle in 1996. In 2005, President Néstor Kirchner temporarily suspended the treaty following Argentine laws due to a supply shortage experienced by Argentina. The situation in Argentina was partly resolved when Argentina increased its own imports from Bolivia, a country with virtually no diplomatic relations with Chile since 1978 due to the Atacama border dispute. In the import contract signed with Bolivia it was specified that not even a drop of Bolivian gas could be sold to Chile from Argentina.
Trade between the two countries is made mostly over the mountain passes (see list) that have enough infrastructure for large scale trade. The trade balance shows a lot of asymmetry as of 2005 Chile is the 3rd export trading partner for Argentina, behind Brazil and the United States.[14]. Some well known import products from Argentina in Chile include cereals and meat that once caused the Meat riots in Chile. More recently large amounts of Chilean capital have been invested in Argentina, specially in the retail market.
In 1996, Chile became an associated member of Mercosur, a regional trade agreement that Argentina and Brazil created in the 1990s. This associated membership does not mean full membership.
Sports
In 2003, Argentine AFA's president suggested that both countries launch a joint bid for the 2014 FIFA World Cup but was abandoned in favour of a CONMEBOL unified posture to allow the tournament be hosted in Brazil.
Military integration
Since 1990s, both militaries began a close defense cooperation and friendship policy. On September 1991 they signed together with Brazil the Mendoza Declaration, which commits signatories not to use, develop, produce, acquire, stock, or transfer —directly or indirectly— chemical or biological weapons.
Joint exercises were established on an annually basis in the three armed forces alternately in Argentina and Chile territory. An example of such maneouvres is the Patrulla Antártica Naval Combinada (English: Joint Antarctic Naval Patrol) performed by both Navies to guarantee safety to all touristic and scientific ships that are in transit within the Antarctic Peninsula.
Both nations are highly involved in UN peacekeeping missions. UNFICYP in Cyprus was a precedent where Chilean troops are embedded in the Argentine contingent.[15] They played a key role together at MINUSTAH in Haiti and in 2005 they begun the formation of a joint force for future United Nations mandates.[16] Named Cruz del Sur, the new force began assembly in 2008 with headquarters alternately on each country every year. [17]
In an another gesture of confidence, on June 24, 2007, a Gendarmeria Nacional Argentina (Border Guard) patrol was given permission to enter Chile to rescue tourists after their bus became trapped in snow. [18]
 El abrazo de Maipú (English: The hug of Maipú) between the independence heroes José de San Martín and Bernardo O'Higgins after the defeat of loyalists in the Battle of Maipú |
 Proclamation of Chilean independence with the precense of the Flag of Argentina |
 Map showing the Antarctic Peninsula and the overlapping claims of Chile, Britain and Argentina |
References
- Historia de las Relaciones Exteriores Argentinas by Carlos Escudé and Andrés Cisneros
- ^ Indeed they invaded Chile as informed by Clarín de Buenos Aires 20 december 1998
- ^ See notes of the Chilean Foreign Minister Jose Miguel Insulza, in La Tercera de Santiago de Chile vom 13. Juli 1998 : "Enfatizó que, si bien la situación es diferente, lo que hoy está ocurriendo con el Tratado de Campo de Hielo Sur hace recordar a la opinión pública lo sucedido en 1977, durante la disputa territorial por el Canal de Beagle."
- ^ See notes of Senator (not elected but named by the Armed Forces) Jorge Martínez Bush im La Tercera de Santiago de Chile vom 26 Juli 1998: "El legislador expuso que los chilenos mantienen "muy fresca" en la memoria la situación creada cuando Argentina declaró nulo el arbitraje sobre el canal del Beagle, en 1978."
- ^ See notes of the Chilean Foreign Minister Ignacio Walker Clarin de B.A., 22 July 2005: "Y está en la retina de los chilenos el laudo de Su Majestad Británica, en el Beagle, que fue declarado insanablemente nulo por la Argentina. Esa impresión todavía está instalada en la sociedad chilena."
- ^ See also "Reciprocidad en las Relaciones Chile - Argentina" of Andrés Fabio Oelckers Sainz in PDF: "También en Chile, todavía genera un gran rechazo el hecho que Argentina declarase nulo el fallo arbitral británico y además en una primera instancia postergara la firma del laudo papal por el diferendo del Beagle"
- ^ See notes of Director académico de la Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales Flacso, Francisco Rojas, in Santiago de Chile, in La Nación de Buenos Aires vom 26 September 1997: "Desde la Argentina, cuesta entender el nivel de desconfianza que hoy existe en Chile a propósito de la decisión que tomó en 1978 de declarar nulo el laudo arbitral"
- ^ See notes of Chilean Defense Minister Edmundo Pérez Yoma im "Centro Superior de Estudios de la Defensa Nacional del Reino de España", apperead in Argentine newspaper El Cronista Comercial, 5 Mai 1997: ... Y que la Argentina estuvo a punto de llevar a cabo una invasión sobre territorio de Chile en 1978 .... These notes were later relativized by the Chilean Government (See [1] [2])
- ^ Chile supported the rights of Argentina in the dispute, believing that the only viable way forward was through bilateral negotiations between Argentina and the United Kingdom
- ^ Chilean Foreign Office: CHILE REAFIRMA SU POSICIÓN SOBRE ISLAS MALVINAS
- ^ Chilean Foreign Minister Soledad Alvear reaffirms support to Argentine claim
- ^ Tras la fricción por los Hielos Continentales, la Argentina llama a Chile a demarcar los límites "lo antes posible"
- ^ Chile supported the rights of Argentina in the dispute, believing that the only viable way forward was through bilateral negotiations between Argentina and the United Kingdom
- ^ [3] CHILE REAFIRMA SU POSICIÓN SOBRE ISLAS MALVINAS. La Cancillería reafirmó la política del Gobierno de Chile de respaldar los legítimos derechos de soberanía de la República Argentina en la disputa referida a la cuestión de las Islas Malvinas. ]
- ^ Argentina Exports - partners - Economy
- ^ Argentine Army: UNFICYP
UN: Cyprus - UNFICYP - Facts and Figures
Chilean Army: Misión de la ONU en Chipre desde el año 2003
Brasilian Army: UNFICYP - ^ Avance para la fuerza combinada con Chile
- ^ Destinan $30 millones para operar con Chile
- ^ Clarin newspaper: Rescatan a 50 pasajeros que quedaron varados por la nieve en el norte chileno (spanish)
See also
External links
- (Spanish) Official website of the Argentine Ministry of Foreign Relations, International Trade and Worship
- (Spanish) Official website of the Chilean Ministry of Foreign Relations
- (English) Research Project on the History of the Relations between Argentina and Chile, 1978-2000
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