Arctic-alpine
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An arctic-alpine taxon is one whose natural distribution includes the Arctic and more southerly mountain ranges, particularly the Alps. The presence of identical or similar taxa in both the tundra of the far north, and high mountain ranges much further south is testament to the similar environmental conditions found in the two locations. It is often assumed that an organism which currently has an arctic-alpine distribution was, during colder periods of the Earth's history (such as during the Pleistocene glaciations), widespread across the area between the arctic and the Alps. This is known from pollen records to be true for Dryas octopetala, for instance. In other cases, the disjunct distribution may be the result of long-distance dispersal.

Examples of arctic-alpine plants include:

• Dryas octopetala
• Linnaea borealis
• Lloydia serotina
• Loiseleuria procumbens
• Saxifraga oppositifolia
• Saxifraga stellaris