Amaranth (dye)

Amaranth (dye)
This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Amaranth_(dye)".

content

Amaranth (dye)

IUPAC name	trisodium (4E)-3-oxo-4-[(4- sulfonato-1- naphthyl)hydrazono]naphthalene- 2,7-disulfonate
Other names	FD&C Red No. 2, E123, C.I. Food Red 9, Acid Red 27, Azorubin S, C.I. 16185
Identifiers
CAS number	[915-67-3]
PubChem	6093196
SMILES	`C1=CC=C2C(=C1)C(=CC=C2S(=O)(=O)[O- ])NN=C3C4=C(C=C(C=C4)S(=O)(=O)[O- ])C=C(C3=O)S(=O)(=O)[O- ].[Na+].[Na+].[Na+]`
Properties
Molecular formula	C₂₀H₁₁N₂Na₃O₁₀S₃
Molar mass	604.47305
Appearance	Dark red solid
Melting point	120 °C (decomposes)
Hazards
R-phrases	R36/37/38
S-phrases	S36/37/39
Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa) Infobox references

Amaranth, FD&C Red No. 2, E123, C.I. Food Red 9, Acid Red 27, Azorubin S, or C.I. 16185, is a dark red to purple azo dye once used as a food dye and to color cosmetics, but since 1976 it has been banned in the United States by FDA as it is a suspected carcinogen. ^[1] It usually comes as a trisodium salt. It has the appearance of reddish-brown, dark red to purple water-soluble powder that decomposes at 120 °C without melting. Its water solution has absorption maximum at about 520 nm^{citation needed}. Amaranth is made from coal tar.

Amaranth is an anionic dye. It can be applied to natural and synthetic fibers, leather, paper, and phenol-formaldehyde resins.

As a food additive it has E number E123.

Decertification

In 1969, Soviet scientists discovered that long-term usage of Red Dye #2, even at the low dosages found in foods, caused cancer in test animals. The FDA conducted its own tests, following the Soviet guidelines, with the results being inconclusive. The FDA banned FD&C Red No. 2 in 1976. FD&C Red No. 3 (erythrosine), and FD&C Red No. 40 (Allura Red AC) replaced the decertified color.

References

^ "The following color additives are not authorized for use in food products in the United States: (1) Amaranth (C.I. 16185, EEC No. E123, formerly certifiable as FD&C red No. 2);" FDA/CFSAN Food Compliance Program: Domestic Food Safety Program

Decertification

References

See also