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| IPA – number | 122 |
| IPA – text | r |
| IPA – image |  |
| Entity | r |
| X-SAMPA | r |
| Kirshenbaum | r<trl> |
| Sound sample | |
The alveolar trill is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents dental, alveolar, and postalveolar trills is [r], and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is r. It is informally and commonly called the rolling R or rolled R. Quite often, /r/ is used in phonemic transcriptions (especially those found in dictionaries) of languages like English and German that have rhotic consonants that are not an alveolar trill. This is partly due to ease of typesetting and partly because <r> is often the symbol used for the orthographies of such languages.
In the majority of Indo-European languages, this sound is at least occasionally allophonic with an alveolar tap [ɾ], particularly in unstressed positions. Exceptions to this include Spanish, Portuguese and Albanian, which treat them as separate phonemes.
Contents |
Features
Features of the alveolar trill:
- Its manner of articulation is trill, which means it is produced by vibrations of the tongue against the place of articulation.
- Its place of articulation is alveolar which means it is articulated with the tip of the tongue against the alveolar ridge.
- Its phonation type is voiced, which means the vocal cords are vibrating during the articulation.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by allowing the airstream to flow over the middle of the tongue, rather than the sides.
- The airstream mechanism is pulmonic egressive, which means it is articulated by pushing air out of the lungs and through the vocal tract, rather than from the glottis or the mouth.
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abkhaz | ашəара | [aʃʷara] | 'measure' | See Abkhaz phonology | |
| Afrikaans | rooi | [rɔɪ] | 'red' | ||
| Albanian | rrush | [ruʃ] | 'grape' | ||
| Arabic | رأس | [ræʔs] | 'head' | represented by a <ر>. See Arabic phonology | |
| Basque | errota | [eˈrota] | 'mill' | ||
| Catalan[1] | esborrar | [əsbuˈra] | 'to delete' | See Catalan phonology | |
| Croatian | tri | [tri] | 'three' | May be syllabic. | |
| Czech | chlor | [xlɔ̝r] | 'chlorine' | May be syllabic. See Czech phonology | |
| Dutch | rood | [roːt] | 'red' | Standard pronunciation. Pronunciation of 'r' varies regionally, see Dutch phonology | |
| English | Scottish Dialect | curd | [kʌrd] | 'curd' | See English phonology |
| Finnish | purra | [purːɑ] | 'to bite' | See Finnish phonology | |
| French | southern France and Corsica | rouge | [ruʒ] | 'red' | See Standard and Quebec French phonologies. |
| rural Quebec | |||||
| German | southern dialects | Robe | [roːbə] | 'robe' | See German phonology |
| Greek | νερό | [ne̞ˈro̞] | 'water' | See Modern Greek phonology | |
| Hindi | घर | [gʰər] | 'house' | See Hindi-Urdu phonology | |
| Hungarian | erdő | [ɛrdøː] | 'forest' | See Hungarian phonology | |
| Italian[2] | terra | [ˈtɛrra] | 'earth' | See Italian phonology | |
| Ngwe | Njoagwi dialect | [lɛ̀rɛ́] | 'eye' | ||
| Polish[3] | krok | [krɔk] | 'step' | See Polish phonology | |
| Portuguese | carro | [ˈkäru] | 'car' | In some dialects. See Portuguese phonology and Guttural R. | |
| Romanian | măr | [mər] | 'apple' | See Romanian phonology | |
| Russian[4] | играть | [ɪˈgr̠atʲ] | 'to play' | Retracted. See Russian phonology | |
| Serbian | рт/rt | [r̩t] | 'cape' | May be syllabic | |
| Slovak | ryba | [riba] | 'fish' | May be syllabic | |
| Spanish[5] | perro | [ˈpɛro̞] | 'dog' | See Spanish phonology | |
| Tajik | арра | [ʌrrʌ] | 'saw' | ||
| Ubykh | [bəqˁʼərda] | 'to roll around' | |||
| Welsh | Rhagfyr | [ˈr̥aːgvɨr] | 'December' | ||
Raised alveolar non-sonorant trill
There is a phone (different from [r]) which is exclusively used in Czech (in words such as rybáři 'fishermen'). Its manner of articulation is similar but the tongue is raised; it is partially fricative. It is orthographically represented by the letter <ř>, and in IPA as <r̝>. The basic manner of pronunciation is voiced but there is also a voiceless allophone [r̝̊].
See also
References
- ^ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992:53)
- ^ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004:117)
- ^ Jassem (2003:103)
- ^ Skalozub (1963); cited in Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:?)
- ^ Martínez-Celdrán et al (2003:255)
Bibliography
- Carbonell, Joan F. & Joaquim Llisterri (1992), "Catalan", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 22 (1-2): 53-56
- Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 33 (1): 103-107
- Ladefoged, Peter & Ian Maddieson (1996), The Sounds of the World's Languages, Blackwell Publishing, ISBN ISBN 0-631-19815-6
- Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Ana Ma. Fernández-Planas & Josefina Carrera-Sabaté (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 33 (2): 255-259
- Rogers, Derek & Luciana d'Arcangeli (2004), "Italian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 34 (1): 117-121
- Skalozub, Larisa (1963), Palatogrammy i Rentgenogrammy Soglasnyx Fonem Russkogo Literaturnogo Jazyka, Izdatelstvo Kievskogo Universiteta
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| This page contains phonetic information in IPA, which may not display correctly in some browsers. [Help] Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a voiced consonant. Shaded areas denote pulmonic articulations judged impossible. |
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The Letter "R" |
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| General: | The letter R · Rhotic consonants (R-like sounds) · Rhotic and non-rhotic accents · R-colored vowels · Guttural R · Linking R and Intrusive R |
| Pronunciations: | Alveolar trill [r] · Alveolar approximant [ɹ] · Alveolar tap [ɾ] · Alveolar lateral flap [ɺ] ·Retroflex approximant [ɻ] · Retroflex flap [ɽ] ·Uvular trill [ʀ] ·Voiced uvular fricative [ʁ] |
| Variations: | R rotunda · Ɍɍ (R with stroke) · Ʀʀ · Ȑȑ · Ŕŕ · Ŗŗ · Řř · Ȓȓ · Ṙṙ · Ṛṛ · Ṝṝ · Ṟṟ · Rd · Rh · Rl · Rn · Rr · Rt · Rnd · ᚱ (Raidô) · ℛ (Riemann integral) · ℜ (Real part) · ℝ (Real number) · ® (Registered trademark) · Ⓡ (Enclosed R) |
