Alphabetic list of living languages in Europe
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• Only living languages are listed - that is, languages that are currently spoken as a native tongue. The only exception to this rule is Latin, which is listed because it has official status in the Vatican.
• Only indigenous languages are listed. So Hindi in the United Kingdom or Turkish in Germany are not rendered in this list.
• The languages of the Roma (Gypsies) and Travellers are usually considered to be indigenous or at least listed as such, which is why they are rendered in this list.
• Sign languages are fully fledged forms of communication, with complex grammars and extensive lexicons, which is why sign languages are also included in this list.
• Note that the given numbers of speakers (or users in the case of sign languages) only concern the named countries; speakers who live outside of Europe or who are not indigenous in the countries where they live (e.g. Italian speakers in the United Kingdom) are not rendered.

• Concerning the borders of Europe:
  • The generally accepted borders of Europe are: the Denmark Strait, between Iceland and Greenland, in the Northwest; the Ural Mountains in the East; the Caucasus Mountains, the Black Sea in the Southeast; and the Mediterranean Sea and the Straits of Gibraltar in the South.
• This list diverts from those borders in the following cases:
  • Armenia and Cyprus geographically belong to Asia, but are often, for cultural reasons, considered a part of Europe. In this list they are treated as a part of Europe.
  • In the South-west this list includes Ceuta and Melilla (the Spanish exclaves in Morocco), as well as the Canary Islands, the Azores, and Madeira.

Alphabetic list of living, indigenous languages in Europe

A

• Abaza (Abaza) - North Caucasian, Northwest Caucasian
  • Russia: minority language, recognised - 35,000 speakers
• Abkhaz (Absua) - North Caucasian, Northwest Caucasian
  • Georgia: minority language, recognised; coofficial with Russian and Georgian in the de facto independent republic of Abkhazia - 100,000 speakers

• Aghul (Agul) - North Caucasian, Northeast Caucasian
  • Russia: minority language, recognised - 17,500 speakers
• Akhvakh (Axvax) - North Caucasian, Northeast Caucasian
  • Russia: minority language, not recognised - 3,500 speakers

• Albanian (Shqip) - Indo-European, Illyrian
  • Albania: official language - 3,185,000 speakers
  • Bulgaria: minority language, not recognised - 2,500 speakers
  • Greece: minority language, not recognised - 150,000 speakers
  • Italy: minority language, not recognised - 280,000 speakers
  • Kosovo: coofficial with Serbian - 1,485,000 speakers
  • Montenegro: minority language, recognised - 53,000 speakers
  • Republic of Macedonia: minority language, recognised; coofficial with Macedonian in West Macedonia - 620,000 speakers
  • Romania: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 4,000 speakers
  • Serbia: minority language, recognised - 63,000 speakers
  • Turkey: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 65,000 speakers
  • Ukraine: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 5,000 speakers

• Albanian Sign Language - deaf sign language
  • Albania: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 3,000 users

• Andi (Qwannab) - North Caucasian, Northeast Caucasian
  • Russia: minority language, not recognised - 10,000 speakers

• Anglo-Romani (Romanichal) - Indo-European, Germanic (?)
  • United Kingdom: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 90,000 to 145,000 speakers

• Aragonese (Aragonés) - Indo-European, Romance
  • Spain: minority language, recognised - 10,000 speakers

• Archi (Arči) - North Caucasian, Northeast Caucasian
  • Russia: minority language, not recognised - 1,000 speakers

• Armenian (Hayeren) - Indo-European, Armenian
  • Armenia: official language - 3,235,000 speakers
  • Azerbaijan: minority language, not recognised (in the de facto independent republic of Nagorno Karabakh Armenian is the official language) - 120,000 speakers
  • Bulgaria: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 27,000 speakers
  • Cyprus: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 3,000 speakers
  • Georgia: minority language, recognised - 448,000 speakers
  • Greece: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 20,000 speakers
  • Hungary: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 4,000 speakers
  • Poland: non-territorial minority language, extinct in Poland since the 18th Century (Current minority of 8,000 Armenians in Poland, speak Polish)
  • Russia: minority language, recognised - 532,000 speakers
  • Turkey: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 70,000 speakers
  • Ukraine: minority language, recognised - 65,000 speakers

• Armenian Sign Language - deaf sign language
  • Armenia: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 3,000 users

• Aromanian (Armâneashti) - Indo-European, Romance
  • Albania: minority language, not recognised - 50,000 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 350,000)
  • Bulgaria: minority language, not recognised - 2,500 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 18,000)
  • Greece: minority language, not recognised - 200,000 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 700,000)
  • Republic of Macedonia: minority language, recognised - 8,500 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 50,000)
  • Romania: minority language, not recognised - 120,000 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 150,000)
  • Serbia: minority language, not recognised - 54,000 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 40,000)

• Asturian (Asturianu) - Indo-European, Romance
  • Spain: minority language, recognised - 690,000 speakers

• Austrian Sign Language - deaf sign language
  • Austria: non-territorial minority language, recognised since 2005 - 7,500 users

• Avar (Avar Mac’) - North Caucasian, Northeast Caucasian
  • Azerbaijan: minority language, not recognised - 44,000 speakers
  • Russia: minority language, recognised - 556,000 speakers

• Azerbaijani (Azərbaycan) - Altaic, Turkic
  • Azerbaijan: official language - 8,400,000 speakers
  • Iran: non official language - 30,000,000 speakers
  • Georgia: minority language, recognised - 284,000 speakers
  • Russia: minority language, recognised - 670,000 speakers
  • Turkey: minority language, not recognised - ~800,000 speakers
  • Kazakhstan: minority language, not recognised - ~80,000 speakers
  • Germany: minority language, not recognised - ~55,000 speakers
  • Ukraine: minority language, not recognised - ~46,000 speakers
  • Iraq: third language - ~1200,000 speakers

B

• Bagvalal (Kvanada) - North Caucasian, Northeast Caucasian
  • Russia: minority language, not recognised - 2,000 speakers

• Balkan Romani¹ - Indo-European, Indo-Aryan
  • Albania: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 1,000 speakers
  • Bosnia and Herzegovina: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 10,000 speakers
  • Bulgaria: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 187,900 speakers
  • France: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 10,500 speakers
  • Germany: non-territorial minority language, recognised - 3,500 speakers
  • Greece: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 40,000 speakers
  • Hungary: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 150,000 speakers
  • Italy: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 5,000 speakers
  • Kosovo: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 74,000 speakers
  • Moldova: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 12,000 speakers
  • Montenegro: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 3,000 speakers
  • Republic of Macedonia: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 120,000 speakers
  • Serbia: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 120,000 speakers
  • Turkey: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 25,000 speakers
  • Ukraine: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 2,000 speakers

• Balkar (Balkarlar) - Altaic, Turkic
  • Russia: minority language, recognised; coofficial with Russian and Kabardian in the autonomous republic of Kabardino-Balkaria - 85,000 speakers

• Baltic Romani (Romá) - Indo-European, Indo-Arian
  • Belarus: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 22,500 speakers
  • Estonia: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 500 speakers
  • Latvia: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 8,000 speakers
  • Lithuania: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 10,000 speakers
  • Poland: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 30,000 speakers
  • Russia: non-territorial minority language, recognised - 20,000 speakers
  • Ukraine: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 9,000 speakers

• Barranquenho - Indo-European, Romance
  • Portugal - minority language, not recognised

• Bashkir (Başqort) - Altaic, Turkic
  • Russia: minority language, recognised; coofficial with Russian in the autonomous republic of Bashkortostan - 972,000 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 1,375,000)

• Basque (Euskara) - isolate
  • France: minority language, not recognised - 90,000 speakers
  • Spain: minority language, recognised; coofficial with Spanish in the autonomous community of the Basque Country, and in 61 municipalities in the autonomous community of Navarre - 580,000 speakers

• Bats (Batsba Motjiti) - North Caucasian, Northeast Caucasian
  • Georgia: minority language, not recognised - 3,400 speakers

• Belgian-French Sign Language - deaf sign language
  • Belgium: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 4,000 users

• Belarusian (Belaruskaja) - Indo-European, Slavic
  • Belarus: coofficial with Russian - 7,878,000 speakers
  • Latvia: minority language, recognised - 105,000 speakers
  • Lithuania: minority language, recognised - 63,000 speakers
  • Poland: minority language, recognised - 230,000 speakers
  • Russia: minority language, recognised - 1,210,000 speakers
  • Ukraine: minority language, recognised - 440,000 speakers

• Bezhta (Bežƛʼa) - North Caucasian, Northeast Caucasian
  • Russia: minority language, not recognised - 3,000 speakers

• Bohtan Neo-Aramaic (Bohtan) - Afro-Asiatic, Semitic
  • Georgia: minority language, not recognised - 1,000 speakers
  • Russia: minority language, not recognised - 100 speakers

• Bosnian (Bosanski) - Indo-European, Slavic
  • Albania: minority language, not recognised - 2,000 speakers
  • Bosnia and Herzegovina: official language - 1,810,000 speakers
  • Croatia: minority language, not recognised - 40,000 speakers
  • Kosovo: minority language, not recognised - 15,000 speakers
  • Montenegro: minority language, not recognised - 102,000 speakers
  • Romania: minority language, not recognised - 10,000 speakers
  • Serbia: minority language, not recognised - 134,000 speakers
  • Slovenia: minority language, not recognised - 26,000 speakers
  • Turkey: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 70,000 speakers

• Botlikh (Botlix) - North Caucasian, Northeast Caucasian
  • Russia: minority language, not recognised - 5,000 speakers

• Breton (Brezhoneg) - Indo-European, Celtic
  • France: minority language, not recognised - 515,000 speakers

• British Sign Language - deaf sign language
  • United Kingdom: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 40,000 users

• Budukh (Budux) - North Caucasian, Northeast Caucasian
  • Azerbaijan: minority language, not recognised - 1,000 speakers

• Bulgarian (Bălgarski) - Indo-European, Slavic
  • Bulgaria: official language - 7,671,000 speakers
  • Greece: minority language (Pomak), not recognised - 30,000 speakers
  • Hungary: minority language, not recognised - 6,000 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 8,000)
  • Moldova: minority language, recognised - 262,000 speakers
  • Romania: minority language, not recognised - 500 speakers
  • Serbia: minority language, recognised - 16,000 speakers
  • Turkey: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 270,000 speakers
  • Ukraine: minority language, recognised - 234,000 speakers

• Bulgarian Sign Language - deaf sign language
  • Bulgaria: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 8,500 users

C

• Cappadocian (Kapadokiká) - Indo-European, Greek
  • Greece: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - number of speakers unknown, but surely in the hundreds (long thought to be extinct)

• Carpathian Romani² (Bashaldo, Romungro, Hungarian-Slovak Romani) - Indo-European, Indo-Arian
  • Czech Republic: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 220,000 speakers
  • Hungary: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 3,000 speakers
  • Slovakia: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 220,000 speakers

• Catalan (Català) - Indo-European, Romance
  • Andorra: official language - 31,000 speakers
  • France: minority language, not recognised - 102,000 speakers
  • Italy: minority language, not recognised - 17,000 speakers
  • Spain: minority language, recognised; coofficial with Spanish in the autonomous communities of Catalonia, Valencia, and the Balearic Islands - 6,079,000 speakers

• Catalonian Sign Language - deaf sign language
  • Andorra: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - number of users unknown, but very small
  • Spain: non-territorial minority language, not recognised- 18,000 users

• Chamalal (Čamalal) - North Caucasian, Northeast Caucasian
  • Russia: minority language, not recognised - 5,000 speakers

• Champenois - Indo-European, Romance
  • France: minority language, not recognised -
  • Wallonia: minority language, recognised -

• Chechen (Noxçiyn Mott) - North Caucasian, Northeast Caucasian
  • Russia: minority language, recognised; coofficial with Russian in the autonomous republic of Chechnya - 957,000 speakers

• Chuvash (Čövaš Čəlχi) - Altaic, Turkic
  • Russia: minority language, recognised; coofficial with Russian in the autonomous republic of Chuvashia - 1,640,000 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 1,804,000)

• Circassian (Adəgăbză) - North Caucasian, Northwest Caucasian
  • Russia: minority language, recognised; the Circassian dialect Adyghe is coofficial with Russian in the autonomous republic of Adygea; the Circassian dialect Cherkess is coofficial with Russian and Karachay in the autonomous republic of Karachay-Cherkessia - 174,000 speakers

• Cornish (Kernewek) - Indo-European, Celtic
  • United Kingdom: minority language, recognised - about 3,500 speakers

• Corsican (Corsu) - Indo-European, Romance
  • France: minority language, recognised - 25,000 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 295,000)
  • Italy: minority language, not recognised - 6,000 speakers

• Crimean Tatar (Qırımtatar tili, Qırım tili) - Altaic, Turkic
  • Belarus: minority language, extinct in Belarus since the end of the 18th Century (there still is a minority of 5,000 Tatars in Belarus, but they speak Belarusian now)
  • Bulgaria: minority language, not recognised - 6,000 speakers
  • Lithuania: minority language, extinct in Lithuania since the end of the 18th Century (there still is a minority of 4,000 Tatars in Lithuania, but they speak Lithuanian now)
  • Poland: minority language, extinct in Poland since the end of the 18th Century (there still is a minority of 5,000 Tatars in Poland, but they speak Polish now)
  • Romania: minority language, recognised - 28,000 speakers
  • Turkey: minority language, not recognised - 250,000 speakers (including Asia Minor)
  • Ukraine: minority language, recognised; coofficial with Russian and Ukrainian in the autonomous republic of the Crimea - 272,000 speakers

• Croatian (Hrvatski) - Indo-European, Slavic
  • Austria: minority language, recognised - 45,000 speakers
  • Bosnia and Herzegovina: minority language, recognised; official language in the Croatian cantons of the Muslim-Croat Federation - 700,000 speakers
  • Croatia: official language - 3,750,000 speakers
  • Hungary: minority language, recognised - 25,000 speakers
  • Italy: minority language, not recognised - 2,500 speakers
  • Montenegro: minority language, not recognised - 8,000 speakers
  • Romania: minority language, recognised - 15,000 speakers
  • Serbia: minority language, not recognised - 27,000 speakers
  • Slovakia: minority language, not recognised - 10,000 speakers
  • Slovenia: minority language, not recognised - 54,000 speakers

• Croatian Sign Language - deaf sign language
  • Croatia: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 4,000 users

• Cypriot Maronite Arabic (Sanna) - Afro-Asiatic, Semitic
  • Cyprus: minority language, recognised - 1,300 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 6,000, the so-called Cypriot Maronites)

• Czech (Česky) - Indo-European, Slavic
  • Austria: minority language, recognised - 20,000 speakers
  • Bulgaria: minority language, not recognised - 9,000 speakers
  • Czech Republic: official language - 9,450,000 speakers
  • Poland: minority language, not recognised - 3,000 speakers
  • Serbia: minority language, recognised - 2,000 speakers
  • Slovakia: minority language, recognised - 50,000 speakers
  • Ukraine: minority language, not recognised - 21,000 speakers

• Czecho-Slovakian Sign Language - deaf sign language
  • Czech Republic: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 9,500 users
  • Slovakia: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 5,000 users

D

• Dalecarlian (Dalska, Dalmaal, Elfdalian) - Indo-European, Germanic
  • Sweden: minority language, recognized - 1,500 speakers

• Danish (Dansk) - Indo-European, Germanic
  • Denmark: official language - 5,020,000 speakers
  • Faroe Islands: coofficial with Faroese (though with a lower status) - 1,000 speakers
  • Germany: minority language, recognised - 10,000 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 45,000)

• Danish Sign Language - deaf sign language
  • Denmark: non-territorial minority language, recognised - 3,500 users

• Dargwa (Dargva) - North Caucasian, Northeast Caucasian
  • Russia: minority language, recognised - 370,000 speakers

• Dgèrnésiais - Indo-European, Romance
  • Guernsey: minority language, recognised - 6,000 speakers

• Domari (Domari) - Indo-European, Indo-Arian
  • Turkey: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 20,000 speakers

• Dutch (Nederlands) - Indo-European, Germanic
  • Belgium: Official language in Flanders and Brussels, other official languages of Belgium are French and German, but these are not official in Flanders - 5,570,000 speakers
  • France: minority language, not recognised - 60,000 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 75,000)
  • Netherlands: official language - 16,300,000 speakers

• Dutch Sign Language - deaf sign language (also known as Sign Language of the Netherlands)
  • Netherlands: non-territorial minority language, recognised - 15,000 users

E

• English (English) - Indo-European, Germanic
  • Gibraltar: official language - 29,000 speakers
  • Guernsey: co-official with French (though with a higher status) - 45,000 speakers
  • Isle of Man: co-official with Manx (though with a higher status) - 75,000 speakers
  • Jersey: official language (with French), recognised - 89,000 speakers
  • Malta: co-official with Maltese - 402,000 speakers
  • Ireland: secondary language - 3,451,000 speakers
  • United Kingdom: official language - 51,685,000 speakers³

• Eonavian - Indo-European, Romance
  • Spain: minority language, not recognised

• Erzya (Eržaň Keľ) - Uralic, Mordvinic
  • Russia: minority language, recognised; coofficial with Russian and Moksha in the autonomous republic of Mordovia - 413,000 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 570,000)

• Esperanto (Esperanto) - artificial language (now spoken as a mother tongue)
  • France: minority language, not recognised - 200 to 2,000 speakers

• Estonian (Eesti keel) - Uralic, Balto-Finnic
  • Estonia: official language - 1,036,000 speakers
  • Finland: minority language, not recognised - 6,000 speakers
  • Latvia: minority language, recognised - 3,000 speakers
  • Russia: minority language, recognised - 53,000 speakers

• Estonian Sign Language - deaf sign language
  • Estonia: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 4,500 users

F

• Fala (Fala) - Indo-European, Romance
  • Spain: minority language, not recognised - 10,500 speakers

• Faroese (Føroyskt) - Indo-European, Germanic
  • Faroe Islands: coofficial with Danish (though with a higher status) - 44,000 speakers

• Finnish (Suomi) - Uralic, Balto-Finnic
  • Estonia: minority language, recognised - 9,000 speakers
  • Finland: coofficial with Swedish - 4,649,000 speakers
  • Norway: minority language, recognised - 5,000 speakers
  • Russia: minority language, recognised - no speakers (there are speakers of Ingrian, which is considered a Finnish dialect by the Russian government)
  • Sweden: minority language, recognised - over 200,000 speakers

• Finnish Sign Language - deaf sign language
  • Finland: non-territorial minority language, recognised - 5,000 users

• Flemish Sign Language - deaf sign language
  • Belgium: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 5,000 speakers

• Franco-Provençal (Franco-Provençal) - Indo-European, Romance
  • France: minority language, not recognised - 90,000 speakers
  • Italy: minority language, recognised - 91,000 speakers
  • Switzerland: minority language, not recognised - 30,000 speakers

• French (Français) - Indo-European, Romance
  • Andorra: minority language - 2,400 speakers
  • Belgium: coofficial with Dutch and German - 4,000,000 speakers
  • France: official language - 48,950,000 speakers
  • Guernsey: coofficial with English (though with a lower status) - about 6,000 speakers
  • Italy: minority language, recognised; coofficial with Italian in the autonomous Aosta Valley region - 44,000 speakers
  • Jersey: official language Jersey Legal French - 15,000 speakers
  • Luxembourg: coofficial with German and Luxembourgish - 13,000 speakers
  • Monaco: official language - 20,000 speakers
  • Switzerland: coofficial with German, Italian, and Romansh - 1,295,000 speakers

• French Sign Language - deaf sign language
  • France: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 50,000 to 100,000 users
  • Monaco: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - number of users unknown, but very small
• Friulian (Furlan) - Indo-European, Romance
  • Italy: minority language, some recognition - 547,000 speakers

G

• Gagauz (Gagauz) - Altaic, Turkic
  • Bulgaria: minority language, not recognised - 20,000 speakers
  • Greece: minority language, not recognised - 1,000 speakers
  • Moldova: minority language, recognised; coofficial with Moldovan in the autonomous republic of Gagauzia - 169,000 speakers
  • Republic of Macedonia: minority language, not recognised - 2,000 to 8,000 speakers
  • Romania: minority language, not recognised - 8,000 speakers
  • Turkey: minority language, not recognised - 9,000 speakers
  • Ukraine: minority language, recognised - 156,000 speakers

• Galician (Galego) - Indo-European, Romance
  • Portugal: minority language, not recognised - 15,000 speakers
  • Spain: minority language, recognised; coofficial with Spanish in the autonomous community of Galicia - 2,095,000 speakers

• Gallo - Indo-European, Romance
  • France: minority language, not recognised -

• Georgian (Kartuli) - South Caucasian
  • Armenia: minority language, not recognised - 1,300 speakers
  • Azerbaijan: minority language, recognised - 14,000 speakers
  • Georgia: official language - 3,000,000 speakers
  • Russia: minority language, recognised - 130,000 speakers

• German (Deutsch) - Indo-European, Germanic
  • Austria: official language - 7,550,000 speakers
  • Belgium: coofficial with French and Dutch - 86,000 speakers
  • Bulgaria: minority language, not recognised - 200 speakers
  • Croatia: minority language, recognised - 2,000 speakers
  • Czech Republic: minority language, not recognised - 50,000 speakers
  • Denmark: minority language, recognised - 4,000 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 20,000)
  • Estonia: minority language, recognised - 1,500 speakers
  • France: minority language, some recognition - 1,300,000 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 1,880,000)
  • Germany: official language - 74,931,000 speakers
  • Hungary: minority language, recognised - 250,000 speakers
  • Italy: minority language, recognised; co-official with Italian and Ladin in the autonomous region Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol - 322,000 speakers
  • Latvia: minority language, not recognised - 1,000 speakers
  • Liechtenstein: official language - 30,000 speakers
  • Lithuania: minority language, not recognised - 5,000 speakers
  • Luxembourg: coofficial with French and Luxembourgish - 9,000 speakers
  • Moldova: minority language, not recognised - 3,800 speakers
  • Poland: minority language, some recognition - 500,000 speakers
  • Romania: minority language, recognised - 28,000 speakers
  • Russia: minority language, recognised - 543,000 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 954,000, including Siberia)
  • Serbia: minority language, recognised - 5,000 speakers
  • Slovakia: minority language, not recognised - 6,000 speakers
  • Slovenia: minority language, not recognised - 1,500 speakers
  • Switzerland: coofficial with French, Italian, and Romansh - 4,441,000 speakers
  • Ukraine: minority language, not recognised - 38,500 speakers

• German Sign Language - deaf sign language
  • Germany: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 50,000 users

• Ghodoberi (Ğodoberi) - North Caucasian, Northeast Caucasian
  • Russia: minority language, not recognised - 3,000 speakers

• Greek (Élliniká ) - Indo-European, Greek
  • Albania: minority language, recognised - 65,000 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 175,000)
  • Bulgaria: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 11,000 speakers
  • Cyprus: coofficial with Turkish - 762,000 speakers ( see )
  • France: minority language, extinct on Corsica since 1982 (there still is a minority of 1,000 Greeks on Corsica, but they speak French and Corsican now)
  • Germany: minority language, recognised - 372,000 speakers
  • Greece: official language - 10,552,000 speakers ( see )
  • Hungary: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 6,000 speakers
  • Italy: minority language, not recognised - 22,500 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 30,000)
  • Romania: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 5,000 speakers
  • Turkey: minority language, not recognised - 4,000 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 6,000)

• Greek Sign Language - deaf sign language
  • Greece: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 43,000 users

• Gruzinic (Kivruli) - South Caucasian
  • Georgia: minority language, not recognised - 20,000 speakers

• Gutnish (Gutnisko) - Indo-European, Germanic
  • Sweden: minority language, not recognised - 3,000 speakers

H

• Hinukh (Hinux) - North Caucasian, Northeast Caucasian
  • Russia: minority language, not recognised - 200 speakers

• Hungarian (Magyar) - Uralic, Ugric
  • Austria: minority language, recognised - 70,000 speakers
  • Croatia: minority language, recognised - 20,000 speakers
  • Hungary: official language - 10,100,000 speakers
  • Romania: minority language, recognised - 1,500,000 speakers
  • Serbia: minority language, recognised; coofficial with Serbian in the province of Vojvodina - 286,000 speakers
  • Slovakia: minority language, recognised - 600,000 speakers
  • Slovenia: minority language, recognised, official language in areas with Hungarian majority - 9,000 speakers
  • Ukraine: minority language, recognised - 187,000 speakers

• Hungarian Sign Language - deaf sign language
  • Hungary: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 60,000 users

• Hunzib (Gunzib) - North Caucasian, Northeast Caucasian
  • Russia: minority language, not recognised - 2,000 speakers

I

• Iberian Romani (Caló) - Indo-European, Romance
  • France: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 10,000 to 20,000 speakers
  • Portugal: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 5,000 speakers
  • Spain: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 65,000 to 170,000 speakers

• Icelandic (Íslenska) - Indo-European, Germanic
  • Iceland: official language - 265,000 speakers

• Icelandic Sign Language - deaf sign language
  • Iceland: non-territorial minority language, recognised - 300 users

• Ingrian (Inkerin Kieli) - Uralic, Balto-Finnic
  • Estonia: minority language, not recognised - 5,000 speakers
  • Russia: minority language, not recognised - 27,000 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 47,000)

• Ingush (Ğalğaj) - North Caucasian, Northeast Caucasian
  • Russia: minority language, recognised; coofficial with Russian in the autonomous republic of Ingushetia - 238,000 speakers

• Irish (Gaeilge) - Indo-European, Celtic
  • Ireland: first official language of the state - 1,650,000 speakers
  • United Kingdom: recognised, co-official language in Northern Ireland along with English - 165,000 speakers

• Irish Sign Language - deaf sign language
  • Ireland: non-territorial minority language, recognised - 3,300 users
  • United Kingdom: used in Northern Ireland by a large minority of the deaf community. (NB Northern Irish Sign Language and British sign language also used.)

• Istriot (Istriot) - Indo-European, Romance
  • Croatia: minority language, not recognised - 1,000 speakers

• Istro-Romanian (Vlăşeşte) - Indo-European, Romance
  • Croatia: minority language, not recognised - 500 to 1,000 speakers

• Italian (Italiano) - Indo-European, Romance
  • Croatia: minority language, recognised - 30,000 speakers
  • France: minority language, not recognised - 95,000 speakers
  • Italy: official language - 55,133,000 speakers
  • San Marino: official language - 24,500 speakers
  • Slovenia: minority language, recognised - 4,000 speakers
  • Switzerland: coofficial with German, French, and Romansh - 525,000 speakers
  • Vatican City: coofficial with Latin (though with a higher status) - 500 speakers

• Italian Sign Language - deaf sign language
  • Italy: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 55,000 users
  • San Marino: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - number of users unknown, but very small

• Italkian (Italkian) - Indo-European, Romance
  • Italy: non-territorial minority language, hast útstoarn, not recognised - minder as 100 speakers

• Izhorian (Ižoran Keeli) - Uralic, Balto-Finnic
  • Russia: minority language, not recognised - 302 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 820; data from 1989)

J

• Jakati (Jakati) - Indo-European, Indo-Arian
  • Russia: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 50,000 speakers
  • Ukraine: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 60,000 speakers

• Jèrriais - Indo-European, Romance
  • Jersey: minority language, recognised - 3,000 speakers

• Juhuri (Juhuri) - Indo-European, Iranian
  • Azerbaijan: minority language, not recognised - 24,000 speakers
  • Russia: minority language, not recognised - 7,000 speakers

K

• Kabardian (K’èbèrdeibzè) - North Caucasian, Northwest Caucasian
  • Russia: minority language, recognised; coofficial with Russian and Balkar in the autonomous republic of Kabardino-Balkaria - 385,000 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 397,000)

• Kalmyk (Qalmaq) - Altaic, Mongolian
  • Russia: minority language, recognised; coofficial with Russian in the autonomous republic of Kalmykia - 162,000 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 174,000)

• Kalo Finnish Romani (Fíntikka Rómma) - Indo-European, Indo-Arian
  • Finland: non-territorial minority language, recognised - 6,000 speakers
  • Sweden: non-territorial minority language, recognised - 2,000 speakers

• Karachay (Qaraçay) - Altaic, Turkic
  • Russia: minority language, recognised; coofficial with Russian and Cherkess dialect of Circassian in the autonomous republic of Karachay-Cherkessia - 159,000 speakers

• Karaim (Qaray) - Altaic, Turkic
  • Lithuania: minority language, recognised - 535 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 3,400; data from 1979)
  • Poland: minority language, extinct in Poland (there still is a minority of 200 Karaites in Poland, but they speak Polish now)
  • Russia: minority language, extinct in Russia (there still is a minority of 500 Karaites in Russia, but they speak Russian now)
  • Ukraine: minority language, not recognised - 8 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 6,000; data from 1979)

• Karata (Kirdi) - North Caucasian, Northeast Caucasian
  • Russia: minority language, not recognised - 5,000 speakers

• Karelian (Karjalan Kielii) - Uralic, Balto-Finnic
  • Finland: minority language, not recognised - 10,000 speakers
  • Russia: minority language, recognised; coofficial with Russian in the autonomous republic of Karelia - 35,000 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 57,000)

• Kashubian (Kaszëbski) - Indo-European, Slavic
  • Poland: minority language, not recognised - 3,500 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 200,000)

• Khalaj (Khalaj) - Indo-European, Iranian
  • Azerbaijan: minority language, not recognised - 5,000 speakers

• Khinalug (Xinalug) - North Caucasian, Northeast Caucasian
  • Azerbaijan: minority language, not recognised - 1,500 speakers

• Khwarshi (Xwarš) - North Caucasian, Northeast Caucasian
  • Russia: minority language, not recognised - 3,000 speakers

• Komi (Komi Kyv) - Uralic, Permic
  • Russia: minority language, recognised; coofficial with Russian in the autonomous republic of Komi - 262,000 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 342,000)
• Komi-Permyak (Komi-Permjacköj) - Uralic, Permic
  • Russia: minority language, recognised; coofficial with Russian in Komi-Permyak Okrug - 116,000 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 151,000)
• Krymchak (Qırımçaklar) - Altaic, Turkic
  • Ukraine: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 250 speakers

• Kryts (Kryz) - North Caucasian, Northeast Caucasian
  • Azerbaijan: minority language, not recognised - 6,000 speakers (data from 1975)

• Kumyk (Kumuklar) - Altaic, Turkic
  • Russia: minority language, recognised - 282,000 speakers

• Kurdish (Kurmanji) - Indo-European, Iranian
  • Armenia: minority language, recognised - 58,000 speakers
  • Azerbaijan: minority language, not recognised - 20,000 speakers

L

• Ladin (Ladin) - Indo-European, Romance
  • Italy: minority language, recognised - 30,000 speakers

• Ladino (Sefardí) - Indo-European, Romance
  • Albania: non-territorial minority language, possibly extinct in Albania, not recognised - number of speakers unknown, but very small
  • Bosnia and Herzegovina: non-territorial minority language, possibly extinct in Bosnia and Herzegovina, not recognised - number of speakers unknown, but very small
  • Bulgaria: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 1,000 speakers
  • Greece: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 6,000 speakers
  • Kosovo: non-territorial minority language, probably extinct in Kosovo, not recognised - number of speakers unknown, but very small
  • Macedonia: non-territorial minority language, possibly extinct in Macedonia, not recognised - number of speakers unknown, but very small
  • Serbia: non-territorial minority language, probably extinct in Serbia, not recognised - probably no speakers remaining
  • Spain: non-territorial minority language, probably extinct in Spain, not recognised - number of speakers unknown, but very small
  • Turkey: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 8,000 speakers

• Lak (Lakku Maz) - North Caucasian, Northeast Caucasian
  • Russia: minority language, recognised - 120,000 speakers

• Latin (Lingua Latina) - Indo-European, Italic
  • Vatican City: coofficial with Italian (though with a lower status) - no native speakers

• Latvian (Latviešu) - Indo-European, Baltic
  • Belarus: minority language, not recognised - 1,000 speakers
  • Estonia: minority language, recognised - 3,000 speakers
  • Latvia: official language - 1,400,000 speakers
  • Lithuania: minority language, recognised - 5,000 speakers
  • Russia: minority language, recognised - 29,000 speakers

• Latvian Sign Language - deaf sign language
  • Latvia: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 1,500 users

• Laz (Lazuri, Chanuri) - Caucasian, South Caucasian, Zan
  • Turkey: minority language, not recognised - 30,000 speakers
  • Georgia: minority language, not recognised - 2,000 speakers

• Leonese (Llïonés)- Indoeuropean, Romance
  • Spain: minority language, recognised - 53,000 speakers
  • Portugal: minority language, not recognised - 2,000 speakers

• Lezgian (Lezgi Č’al) - Northeast Caucasian
  • Azerbaijan: minority language, not recognised - 171,000 speakers
  • Russia: minority language, recognised - 257,000 speakers

• Limburgish (Limburgs) - Indo-European, Germanic
  • Belgium: minority language, not recognised - 585,000 speakers
  • Netherlands: minority language, recognised - 830,000 speakers

• Lithuanian (Lietuviškai) - Indo-European, Baltic
  • Belarus: minority language, not recognised - 10,000 speakers
  • Latvia: minority language, recognised - 35,000 speakers
  • Lithuania: official language - 2,965,000 speakers
  • Poland: minority language, recognised - 30,000 speakers
  • Russia: minority language, recognised - 70,000 speakers

• Lithuanian Sign Language - deaf sign language
  • Lithuania: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 3,500 users

• Livonian (Līvõ Kēļ) - Uralic, Balto-Finnic
  • Latvia: minority language, recognised - 35 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 2,000; data from 1990)

• Livvi (Livvi) - Uralic, Balto-Finnic
  • Finland: minority language, not recognised - 2,000 speakers
  • Russia: minority language, not recognised - 40,000 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 70,000)

• Lomavren (Boša) - Indo-European, Armenian
  • Armenia: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 30,000 speakers
  • Azerbaijan: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 10,000 speakers
  • Russia: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 5,000 speakers

• Lorrain language - Indo-European, Romance
  • France: minority language, not recognised -
  • Wallonia: minority language, recognised (as Gaumais) -

• Low Saxon (Low German, Nedersassies, Plattdüütsch) - Indo-European, Germanic
  • Denmark: minority language, not recognised - 1,500 speakers
  • Germany: minority language, not recognised - 10,000,000 speakers
  • Netherlands: minority language, recognised - 1,566,000 speakers
  • Poland: minority language, not recognised - number of speakers unknown, at most a few thousands

• Ludic (Lyydi) - Uralic, Balto-Finnic
  • Russia: minority language, not recognised - 10,000 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 18,000)

• Luxembourgish (Lëtzebuergesch) - Indo-European, Germanic
  • Belgium: minority language, some recognition - 24,000 speakers
  • France: minority language, not recognised - 40,000 speakers
  • Germany: minority language, not recognised - 5,000 speakers
  • Luxembourg: coofficial with French and German - 309,000 speakers

• Lyons Sign Language - deaf sign language
  • France: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 5,000 users

M

• Macedonian (Makedonski) - Indo-European, Slavic
  • Albania: minority language, recognised - 30,000 speakers
  • Bulgaria: minority language, not recognised - 230,000 speakers
  • Greece: minority language, not recognised - 35,000 speakers
  • Hungary: minority language, not recognised - 4,000 speakers
  • Republic of Macedonia: official language - 1,194,000 speakers
  • Serbia: minority language, not recognised - 14,000 speakers

• Maghrebi Arabic (Maghribi) - Afro-Asiatic, Semitic
  • Spain: minority language, not recognised - 26,000 speakers

• Maltese (Malti) - Afro-Asiatic, Semitic
  • Malta: coofficial with English - 402,000 speakers

• Maltese Sign Language - deaf sign language
  • Malta: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 350 users

• Manx (Gaelg) - Indo-European, Celtic
  • Man: coofficial with English (though with a lower status) - 27 speakers (data from 2001)

• Mari (Marij Jəlme) - Uralic, Cheremissic
  • Russia: minority language, recognised; coofficial with Russian in the autonomous republic of Mari El - 594,000 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 661,000)

• Megleno-Romanian (Vlaheshte) - Indo-European, Romance
  • Greece: minority language, not recognised - 12,000 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 15,000)
  • Republic of Macedonia: minority language, not recognised - 1,000 speakers
  • Romania: minority language, not recognised - 1,200 speakers

• Megrelian (Margaluri) - South Caucasian
  • Georgia: minority language, not recognised - 500,000 speakers

• Mirandese (Mirandes) - Indo-European, Romance
  • Portugal: minority language, recognised; coofficial with Portuguese in the municipality of Miranda do Douro - 15,000 speakers

• Moksha (Mokšaň Käľ) - Uralic, Mordvinic
  • Russia: minority language, recognised; coofficial with Russian and Erzya in the autonomous republic of Mordovia - 372,000 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 513,000 )

• Moldovan (Moldovenească) - Indo-European, Romance (literary form shared with Romanian)
  • Moldova: official language - 2,520,000 speakers
  • Ukraine: minority language, recognised - 250,000 speakers

• Monastic Sign Language - auxiliary sign language
  • Vatican City: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - number of users unknown

• Monégasque (Munegasc) - Indo-European, Romance (actually a dialect of Italian)
  • Monaco: semi-official language - 5,700 speakers

• Montenegrin (Crnogorski) - Indo-European, Slavic
  • Montenegro: official language

N

• Nenets (Njenjocja Vada) - Uralic, Samoyedic
  • Russia: minority language, recognised; coofficial with Russian in Nenets, Yamalo-Nenets, and Taymyr Autonomous Okrugs - 26,300 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 35,000, including Siberia)
• Nogai (Nogaylar) - Altaic, Turkic
  • Russia: minority language, recognised - 68,000 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 76,000)

• Norman - Indo-European, Romance
  • France: minority language, not recognised -

• Northern Ireland Sign Language - deaf sign language
  • United Kingdom: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 1,400 users

• North Frisian (Friisk) - Indo-European, Germanic
  • Germany: minority language, recognised - 10,000 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 62,000)

• Norwegian (Norsk) - Indo-European, Germanic
  • Norway: official language - 4,100,000 speakers
  • Sweden: minority language, not recognised - 50,000 speakers

• Norwegian Sign Language - deaf sign language
  • Norway: non-territorial minority language, recognised - 4,000 users

O

• Occitan (Occitan) - Indo-European, Romance
  • France: minority language, not recognised - 1,500,000 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 6,750,000)
  • Italy: minority language, not recognised - 50,000 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 100,000)
  • Monaco: minority language, not recognised - 4,500 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 6,000)
  • Spain: minority language, recognised; coofficial with Spanish and Catalan in the autonomous community of Catalonia - 3,400 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 5,500)

• Ossetic (Iron Avžag) - Indo-European, Iranian
  • Georgia: minority language, recognised; coofficial with Russian and Georgian in the de facto independent republic of South Ossetia - 164,000 speakers
  • Russia: minority language, recognised; coofficial with Russian in the autonomous republic of North Ossetia - 407,000 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 472,000)

P

• Palityan (Palitjanski) - Indo-European, Slavic (possibly a dialect of Bulgarian)
  • Romania: minority language, recognised - 12,000 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 25,000)

• Picard - Indo-European, Romance
  • France: minority language, not recognised -

• Poitevin - Indo-European, Romance
  • France: minority language, not recognised -

• Polari (Polari) - unclassified (probably only spoken as a second language)
  • United Kingdom: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - number of speakers unknown

• Polish (Polski) - Indo-European, Slavic
  • Belarus: minority language, recognised - 413,000 speakers
  • Czech Republic: minority language, recognised - 50,000 speakers
  • Hungary: minority language, not recognised - 21,000 speakers
  • Ireland: minority language, pending recognition - 4,000-100,000 speakers (est)
  • Lithuania: minority language, recognised - 255,000 speakers
  • Latvia: minority language, recognised - 57,000 speakers
  • Poland: official language - 35,370,000 speakers
  • Romania: minority language, not recognised - 10,000 speakers
  • Russia: minority language, recognised - 94,000 speakers
  • Slovakia: minority language, recognised - 50,000 speakers
  • Ukraine: minor