Alawites
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For the Alaouite dynasty of Morocco see: Alaouite Dynasty, for the former state now in Yemen see Alawi (sheikhdom)

Alawites
Alawite falconer in Banyas, Syria, during World War II.
Total population
More than 3 million
Regions with significant populations
Syria About 2.5 million  Lebanon An estimated 100.000[1]  Turkey Tens of thousands, in regions that formerly belonged to Syria.  Israel About 2000 live in Ghajar, a village in the Golan Heights[2]  Australia There is a considerable Alawite community in Australia, but the exact number is unclear
Religions
Shia Islam
Scriptures
Qu'ran, Kitab al Majmu[3]
Languages
Arabic, Turkish

The Alawites are a sect of Shi'ite Islam ^{[4] [5]} prominent in Syria. Alawī is not to be confused with Alevi, a different religious sect based in Turkey, although they share the same etymology.

The Alawites take their name from Imam Ali, cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad, ^[6] also the 4th and last "rightly guided Caliph" of Islam. Historically, the Alawites have been called Nusayrīs (Arabic: نصيريون), Nasiriyya, and Ansariyya.

History

Alawite women in Syria, early 20th century.

The origin of the Alawites is disputed. They are believed to be descendants of people who lived in the Fertile Crescent at the time of Alexander the Great, and gradually added elements of Islam and Christianity to their existing, pre-Islamic religion, when these flourished in the region.^[7]

The Alawites themselves trace their origins to the eleventh Shia Imam, Hasan al Askari (d.873), and his pupil Ibn Nusayr (d.868).^[8] Ibn Nusayr proclaimed himself the Bāb, "Door" (representative) of the 11th Imam in 857.^[9] The sect seems to have been organised by a follower of Ibn Nusayr's, known as al-Khasibi, who died in Aleppo in about 969. Al-Khasibi's grandson, al-Tabarani, moved to Latakia on the Syrian coast. There he refined the Alawite religion and, with his pupils, converted much of the local population.

In the 10th century Alawites were established during the Hamdanid dynasty of Aleppo, but they were driven out when the dynasty fell in 1004. In 1097, Crusaders initially attacked them, but later allied with them against the Ismailis. In 1120, the Alawites were defeated by the Ismailis and Kurds, but three years later, they fought the Kurds successfully. In 1297, the Ismailis and Alawites tried to negotiate a merger, but it came to nothing.

Flag of the now dismantled Alawite State.

After the fall of the Ottoman Empire, Syria and Lebanon came under French mandate. The French recognized the term "Alawī" when they occupied Syria in 1920. The French gave autonomy to Alawites and other minority groups and accepted Alawites into their colonial troops. ^[10] Under the mandate, many Alawite chieftains supported the notion of a separate Alawite nation and tried to convert their autonomy into independence. A territory of "Alaouites" was created in 1925. In May 1930, the Government of Latakia was created; it lasted until 28 February, 1937 when it was incorporated into Syria.

In 1939, a portion of northwest Syria, the Sanjak of Alexandretta, now Hatay, that contained a large number of Alawites, was given to Turkey by the French, greatly angering the Alawite community and Syrians in general. Zaki al-Arsuzi, the young Alawite leader from Antioch in Iskandarun (later renamed "Hatay" by the Turks) who led the resistance to the annexation of his province to the Turks, later became a founder of the Ba'ath Party along with the Eastern Orthodox Christian schoolteacher Michel Aflaq. After World War II, Salman Al Murshid played a major role in uniting the Alawite province with the mother land Syria. He was executed by the newly independent Syrian government in Damascus on Monday 12 Dec, 1946 (only three days after a hasty political trial).

Syria became independent on April 16, 1946. Following the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, Syria endured a succession of military coups in 1949, the rise of the Ba'th Party, and unification of the country with Egypt in the United Arab Republic in 1958. The UAR lasted for three years and broke apart in 1961 , when a group of army officers seized power and declared Syria independent again; a further succession of coups ensued until a secretive military committee, which included a number of disgruntled Alawite officers, including Hafez al-Assad and Salah Jadid, helped the Ba'th Party take power in 1963. In 1966, Alawite-oriented military officers successfully rebelled and expelled the old Ba'ath that had looked to the Christian Michel Aflaq and the Sunni Muslim Salah al-Din al-Bitar for leadership. They promoted Zaki al-Arsuzi as the "Socrates" of their reconstituted Ba'ath Party.

Hafez al-Assad, former president of Syria.

In 1970, then-Air Force Colonel Hafez al-Assad took power and instigated a "correctionist movement" in the Ba'ath Party. ^[11] In 1971, al-Assad became president of Syria, a function that the Constitution only allows a Muslim to embrace. Then, in 1974, Imam Musa Sadr, leader of the Twelver Shi'ites of Lebanon and founder of the Amal Movement, was asked to proclaim that he accepted the Alawites as real Muslims. ^[12] Under the dictatorial but secular Assad regime, religious minorities were tolerated, political dissent was not. During an uprising led by the Sunni Islamist Muslim Brotherhood in 1982 in the city of Hama, perhaps 20,000 were killed by the Syrian military. Many more were killed and arrested throughout Syria and especially in Damascus and Aleppo.

After the death of Hafez al-Assad in 2000, his son Bashar al-Assad maintained the outlines of his father's regime. Although Alawites predominate among the top military and intelligence offices, the civilian government and national economy is largely led by Sunnis, who represent about 70% of Syria's population. The Assad regime is careful to allow all of the religious sects a share of power and influence in the government, but there is clear Alawite domination of the highest levels of power. Today Alawites exist as a minority but politically powerful, religious sect in Syria.

Beliefs of the Alawites

Alawites practise religious secrecy. They generally claim they are Muslims, which may be especially the case of the non-initiated. According to the Encyclopædia Britannica, "The basic doctrine of 'Alawite faith is the deification of 'Ali. They consider themselves to be moderate Shi'ites, not much different from the Twelvers." ^[13]

Alawite Sheikhs in religious dress.

Theologically, Alawites today claim to be Twelver Shi'ites, ^[14] but traditionally they have been designated as "extremists" (Arabic: غلاة ghulat) and outside the bounds of Islam by the Muslim mainstream for their high level of devotion to Imam Ali ibn Abi Talib. ^[15]

The Alawite sect is a somewhat Gnostic version of Shia islam. ^[16] The Alawites believe Imam Ali is the true Successor of Muhammad as well as in esoteric reading of the Qur'an. Alawites regard Imam Aiī as the purpose of life and the divine knowledge of the prophet Muhammad.

They believe that in each world age special prophets like Jesus or Mohammed came to show the right path.

Imam Ali, Muhammad, and a third entity, Salman the Persian are important to the faith. Respectively, they are called the Idea, the Name, and the Door (to god). In Sura 6 of the Mujma', one of their texts, it is stated, "I make for the Door, I prostrate myself before God, I worship the essence."

Alawites do not accept converts or openly publish their texts, which are passed down from scholar to scholar. The vast majority of Alawites (the "Ammah") know little about the contents of their sacred texts or theology, which are guarded by a small class of male initiates (the "Khassah").^[17] For Initiation, a person must be at least 15 and cannot be a non-Alawite. ^[18] They believe in metempsychosis; the soul of the pious ascends to the starry heavens via a series of transformations. The less pious souls require more transformations. ^[19]

Alawites celebrating a festival in Banyas, Syria, during World War II.

Several sources suggest that Alawism is a syncretic sect and has affinities with Christianity, Zoroastrianism, and ancient Phoenician paganism, but these claims are hard to verify, due to the secret nature of the sect. ^{[20] [21] [22] [23]} They are believed to celebrate Christian festivals such as Christmas, Easter, and Epiphany, as well as the Zoroastrian new year, Nawruz, along with regular Shiite festivals. ^{[24] [25]}

Because only one book has been translated, outsiders know little about Alawite theology. Hanna Batatu's last book has a short but reliable section on Alawite doctrine, theology, and recent debates within the community. How sincere is this rejection of bida "innovation"? There is no way to tell, but it has a long tradition within the community. The French tried to pressure leading Alawite shaykhs to declare Alawiyya a separate religion during the early 1920s, but they lost their battle because many religious leaders refused to do so. After all, Alawites declare themselves to be Muslims in their catechism and believe that Muhammad is God's messenger.

Alawites try to follow the prime example left by Ali. Ali lived out of the eye of the public. Like Ali, the Alawites are too called names and rejected by the common, like Ali, Alawites also keep to themselves, and like Ali, they say that they too "worship God in private and not for show".

Although Alawites recognize the five pillars of Islam, they do not believe that anyone has the privilege of practicing them because they are too pure to be performed by "any" soul. Alawites believe that there is no back door entrance to the gates of heaven (i.e. follow the five pillars and you receive the keys to heaven). Instead they believe that one should devote his life the way that the prophet Muhammed would have permitted by following the example of Ali.

The insistence on conformism has brought rich political rewards—Alawites enjoy all the rights of Muslims in Syria. Nevertheless, Alawites have paid a steep price for political success and for a share of political power and equality in the nation.

Alawites who have speculated on the success are considerably more optimistic about the percentage of Syrians who considered them Muslim than are their Druze counterparts. Several claim that 50% of Syrians or more accepted them as Muslims. The reason Alawites give for their success is that they try harder than the Druze to be like orthodox Muslims and to assimilate to the textbook version of Islam.

Alawites are divided into subsects; Haidariyya, Shamsiyya (Sun Sect) and Qamari (Moon Sect). ^[26] The sects are oriented by tribe. Some hold a mistaken belief that Murshidyya (after Salman Al Murshid), is a division of Alawites.

Population

Alawite man in Latakia, early 20th century.

Traditionally, Alawites live in the mountains along the Mediterranean coast of Syria; Latakia and Tartous are the region's principal cities. Alawites are also concentrated in the plains around Hama and Homs. Today Alawites also live in all major cities of Syria. They were never estimated at more than 11% of the Syrian population (which would be about 2 million people if true today). Orthodox Twelver Shi'a comprise an additional 10% of the population.

Before 1953, they had reserved seats in the Syrian Parliament, like all other religious communities. After that, including for the 1960 census, there were only general Muslim and Christian categories, without mention of subgroups in order to reduce "communalism" (taïfiyya).

There are an estimated 100.000 ^[27] Alawites who live in Lebanon, where the Taif Agreement of 1989 gave them two reserved seats in the Parliament (Alawites are recognized as one of the 18 official Lebanese sects). They live mostly in Tripoli and small villages in Akkar. An Alawite militia, the Red Arab Knights, took part in the Lebanese Civil War.

There are tens of thousands of Alawites who live in the Hatay, Adana, and Mersin provinces of southern Turkey, where they are still called Nusayrī in order not to confuse them with Alevis.

There are also about 2000 Alawites living in the village of Ghajar, split between Lebanon and the Israeli occupied Golan Heights, alongside Druze.

References

1. ^ "Allawites have been present in modern-day Lebanon since the 16th century and are estimated to number 100,000 today, mostly in Akkar and Tripoli. The sect is managed through the Islamic Allawite Union, a council of 600 members that are elected every four years."[1]
2. ^ CIA - The World Factbook - Syria
3. ^ http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/intro/islam-alawi.htm "Their prayer book, the source of religious instruction, is the Kitab al Majmu, believed to be derived from Ismaili writings. Alawis study the Quran and recognize the five pillars of Islam, which they interpret in a wholly allegorical sense to fit community tenets. "]
4. ^ "In their mountainous corner of Syria, the Alawis claim to represent the furthest extension of Twelver Shi'ism." Syria’s Alawis and Shi‘ism, by Martin Kramer
5. ^ "But outside Iraq, Arab leaders are talking of a Shia "Crescent" that will run from Iran through Iraq to Lebanon via Syria, whose Alawite leadership forms a branch of Shia Islam." This election will change the world. But not in the way the Americans imagined, by Robert Fisk, The Independent, 29 January 2005, hosted by the robert-fisk.com, retrieved 21 October 2006
6. ^ "The term "Alawite" means "follower of Ali," the martyred son-in-law of Mohammed who is venerated by millions of Shi'ites in Iran and elsewhere." [2]
7. ^ "The Alawis appear to be descendants of people who lived in this region at the time of Alexander the Great. When Christianity flourished in the Fertile Crescent, the Alawis, isolated in their little communities, clung to their own preIslamic religion."
8. ^ "Among the more possible explanations is that the name is derived from that of Mahommed ibn Nusair, who was an Isma`ilite follower of the eleventh imam of the Shiites at the end of the 9th century. This view has been accepted by Nosairi writers, but they transfer Ibn Nusair to the 7th century and make him the son of the vizier of Moawiya I."
9. ^ "In 857, Muhammadu ibn Nusair declared himself as the Bab or representative to the 10th Imam among the Shi'tes."
10. ^ Syria: Identity Crisis
11. ^ "But the coup of 1970, which brought an Alawite air-force officer, Hafez al-Assad, to power, was what finally ended the instability that had reigned in Syria since the advent of independence." [3]
12. ^ "Today, those Muslims called Alawis are brothers of those Shi'ites called Mutawallis by the malicious." [4]
13. ^ [5]
14. ^ "In their mountainous corner of Syria, the Alawis claim to represent the furthest extension of Twelver Shi'ism." Syria’s Alawis and Shi‘ism, by Martin Kramer
15. ^ http://www.geocities.com/martinkramerorg/Alawis.htm
16. ^ All About the Alawites
17. ^ http://www.geocities.com/martinkramerorg/Alawis.htm
18. ^ "Religion is restricted among the Nosairis to the initiated, who must be adults over fifteen years of age and of Nosairi parentage."
19. ^ "The Nosairis are believers in metempsychosis. The pious Nosairi takes his rank among the stars, but the body of the impious undergoes many transformations."
20. ^ "Various sources claim that their rites include remnants of Phoenician sacrificial rituals, that they claim that women have no souls and that they drink wine (possibly a form of communion)."
21. ^ "far more serious is the Alawite doctrine's affinity with Phoenician paganism—and also with Christianity."
22. ^ http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0DEFD71131F931A15755C0A9669C8B63
23. ^ "But they also celebrate some of the same festivals as the Christians, like Christmas and Epiphany, as well as Nawruz, which originally is the Zoroastrian New Year."
24. ^ "But they also celebrate some of the same festivals as the Christians, like Christmas and Epiphany, as well as Nawruz, which originally is the Zoroastrian New Year."
25. ^ "However, contacts with the Byzantines and the Crusaders added Christian elements to the Alawis' new creeds and practices. For example, Alawis celebrate Christmas, Easter, and Epiphany."
26. ^ Alawite
27. ^ TDS - Lebanese Allawites welcome Syria's withdrawal as 'necessary' | The Tharwa project

See also

• Neo-Platonism
• Druze

External links

• Islamic Education in Syria by Joshua Landis
• Nosairi
• T.E. Lawrence on Syrians, including Nosaris/Alawites
• Ibn Taymiyya's Fatwa against the Nosairi A .pdf file
• Nusayri