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Individual industrial agriculture farm
Major challenges and issues faced by individual industrial agriculture farms include:
- integrated farming systems
- crop sequencing
- water use efficiency
- nutrient audits
- herbicide resistance
- financial instruments (such as futures and options)
- collect and understand own farm information;
- knowing your products
- knowing your markets
- knowing your customers
- satisfying customer needs
- securing an acceptable profit margin
- cost of servicing debt;
- ability to earn and access off-farm income;
- management of machinery and stewardship investments.[1]
Integrated farming systems
- See also: Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture and Zero waste agriculture
An integrated farming system is a progressive biologically integrated sustainable agriculture system such as Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture or Zero waste agriculture whose implementation requires exacting knowledge of the interactions of numerous species and whose benefits include sustainability and increased profitability.
Elements of this integration can include:
- intentionally introducing flowering plants into agricultural ecosystems to increase pollen-and nectar-resources required by natural enemies of insect pests[2]
- using crop rotation and cover crops to suppress nematodes in potatoes[3]
Crop sequencing
Crop rotation or crop sequencing is the practice of growing a series of dissimilar types of crops in the same space in sequential seasons for various benefits such as to avoid the build up of pathogens and pests that often occurs when one species is continuously cropped. Crop rotation also seeks to balance the fertility demands of various crops to avoid excessive depletion of soil nutrients. A traditional component of crop rotation is the replenishment of nitrogen through the use of green manure in sequence with cereals and other crops. It is one component of polyculture. Crop rotation can also improve soil structure and fertility by alternating deep-rooted and shallow-rooted plants.
Water use efficiency
Crop irrigation accounts for 70% of the world's fresh water use.[4] The agricultural sector of most countries is important both economically and politically, and water subsidies are common. Conservation advocates have urged removal of all subsidies to force farmers to grow more water-efficient crops and adopt less wasteful irrigation techniques.
For crop irrigation and plant irrigation, optimal water efficiency means minimizing losses due to evaporation or runoff. An evaporation pan can be used to determine how much water is required to irrigate the land. Flood irrigation, the oldest and most common type, is often very uneven in distribution, as parts of a field may receive excess water in order to deliver sufficient quantities to other parts. Overhead irrigation, using center-pivot or lateral-moving sprinklers, gives a much more equal and controlled distribution pattern, but in extremely dry conditions much of the water may evaporate befare it reaches the ground. Drip irrigation is the most expensive and least-used type, but offers the best results in delivering water to plant roots with minimal losses.
As changing irrigation systems can be a costly undertaking, conservation efforts often concentrate on maximizing the efficiency of the existing system. This may include chiseling compacted soils, creating furrow dikes to prevent runoff, and using soil moisture and rainfall sensors to optimize irrigation schedules.[5]
Water catchment management measures include recharge pits, which capture rainwater and runoff and use it to recharge ground water supplies. This helps in the formation of ground water wells etc. and eventually reduces soil erosion caused due to running water.
Nutrient audits
Better nutrient audits allow farmers to spend less money on nutrients and to create less pollution since less nutrient is added to the soil and thus there is less to run off and pollute. Methodologies for assessing soil nutrient balances have been studied and used for farms and entire countries for decades.[6] But at present "there is no standard methodology for calculating nutrient budgets and there are no accepted 'benchmarks' figures against which to assess farm nutrient use efficiency. [A standard methodology] for calculating nutrient budgets on farms [is hoped to help reduce] diffuse water and air pollution from agriculture [through] best management practices in the use of fertilisers and organic manures, as part of the continued development of economically and environmentally sustainable farming systems."[7]
Herbicide resistance
In agriculture large scale and systematic weeding is usually required, often by machines, such as liquid herbicide sprayers. Selective herbicides kill specific targets while leaving the desired crop relatively unharmed. Some of these act by interfering with the growth of the weed and are often based on plant hormones. Weed control through herbicide is made more difficult when the weeds become resistant to the herbicide. Solutions include:
- using a different herbicide
- using a different crop (e.g. genetically altered to be herbicide resistant; which ironically can create herbicide resistant weeds through horizontal gene transfer)
- ploughing
- ground cover such as mulch or plastic
- manual removal
See also
- Agrarian law
- Agrarian reform
- Biofuel
- Energy crop
- Factory farming
- List of environment topics
- Lundberg Family Farms
Notes and references
- ^ The Regional Institute article EVOLUTION OF THE FARM OFFICE
- ^ Oregon State University - Integrated Farming Systems - Insectary Plantings - Enhancing Biological Control with Beneficial Insectary Plants
- ^ Oregon State University - Integrated Farming Systems - Nematode Supression by Cover Crops
- ^ Pimentel, Berger, et al., "Water resources: agricultural and environmental issues", BioScience 54.10 (Oct 2004), p909
- ^ US EPA, "Clean Water Through Conservation", Practices for Agricultural Users
- ^ FAO Methodologies for assessing soil nutrient balances
- ^ DEFRA
External links
- SA Farmers - The Informed Choice (SA Farmer Community Trade Forum) [2]
- Cornell Food and Brand Lab [3]
- USDA Bets the Farm on Animal ID Program
