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 Abdülaziz |
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| Ottoman Sultan | |
| Caliph | |
| Reigned: | Ottoman Period |
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| Full name | Abdülaziz |
| Predecessor | Abdülmecid I |
| Successor | Murad V |
| Reign | 1861–76 |
Abdülaziz (Ottoman Turkish: عبد العزيز) (February 9, 1830 – June 4, 1876) was the 32nd sultan of the Ottoman Empire and reigned between June 25, 1861 and May 30, 1876. He was the son of Sultan Mahmud II and succeeded his brother Abdülmecid I in 1861.
Born in İstanbul on February 9, 1830, Abdülaziz received an Ottoman education but was nevertheless an ardent admirer of the material progress that was made in the West. He was interested in literature and was also a classical music composer. Some of his compositions have been collected in the album "European Music at the Ottoman Court" by the London Academy of Ottoman Court Music.
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Family
His parents were Mahmud II and Pertevniyal Valide Sultan (1812 - 1883)[1] The name of his mother is also spelled as "Partav-Nihal". [2]. By 1868, Pertevniyal was settled in the Dolmabahçe Palace. That year Abdülaziz led the visiting Eugénie de Montijo, Empress of France to see his mother. Pertevniyal perceived the presence of a foreign woman within her quarters of the seraglio as an insult. She reportedly slapped Eugenie across the face, almost resulting in an international incident. [3] The Pertevniyal Valide Sultan Mosque was built under the patronage of his mother. The construction work began in November 1869 and the mosque was finished in 1871.[4].
His paternal grandparents were Abdul Hamid I and Naksh-i-Dil. Several accounts identify his paternal grandmother with Aimée du Buc de Rivéry, a cousin of Joséphine de Beauharnais. [5] Pertevniyal was reportedly a sister of Hoshiar (Khushiyar), third wife of Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt. Hoshiar and Ibrahim were the parents of Isma'il Pasha. [6]. [7]. [8]. [9] [10]
Reign
Between 1861 and 1871, the Tanzimat reforms which began during the reign of his brother Abdülmecid were continued under the leadership of his able chief ministers, Keçecizade Mehmed Fuad Pasha and Mehmed Emin Aali Pasha. New administrative districts (vilayets) were set up in 1864 and a Council of State was established in 1868. Public education was organized on the French model and the Istanbul University was reorganized as a modern institution in 1861.
Abdülaziz cultivated good relations with the Second French Empire and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and was the first Ottoman sultan to visit Western Europe, in 1867, which included a visit to England, where he was made a Knight of the Garter by Queen Victoria and shown a Royal Navy Fleet Review with his Khedive of Egypt. He travelled by a private rail car, which today can be found in the RMK Museum in İstanbul. His fellow Knights of the Garter created in 1867 were Charles Gordon-Lennox, 6th Duke of Richmond, Charles Manners, 6th Duke of Rutland, Henry Somerset, 8th Duke of Beaufort, Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn, Franz Joseph I of Austria and Alexander II of Russia.
In 1869, Abdülaziz received visits from Eugénie de Montijo, Empress consort of Napoleon III of France and other foreign monarchs on their way to the opening of the Suez Canal. The Prince of Wales, the future Edward VII of the United Kingdom, twice visited İstanbul.
By 1871 both Aali Pasha and Fuad Pasha were dead. The Second French Empire, his Western European model, had been defeated in the Franco-Prussian War by the North German Confederation under the leadership of the Kingdom of Prussia. In foreign policy, Abdülaziz turned to the Russian Empire for friendship, as turmoil in the Balkan provinces continued. In 1875, the Herzegovinian rebellion was the beginning of further unrest in the Balkan provinces. In 1876, the April Uprising saw insurrection spreading among the Bulgarians. Ill feeling mounted against Russia for its encouragement of the rebellions.
The crop failure of 1873, the sultan's lavish expenditures for the Ottoman Navy and the new palaces which he built, and the mounting public debt had also heightened public discontent. Abdülaziz was deposed by his ministers on May 30, 1876; his death a few days later was attributed to suicide.[11]
Achievements
The biggest achievement of Abdülaziz was to modernize the Ottoman Navy. In 1875, the Ottoman Navy had 21 battleships and 173 other types of warships, ranking as the third largest navy in the world after the British and French navies.
He also established the first Ottoman railroad network and Sirkeci Train Station in İstanbul, terminus of the Orient Express.
Impressed by the museums in London, Paris and Vienna, he established the Istanbul Archaeological Museum.
Under Abdülaziz's reign, Turkey's first postage stamps were issued in 1863, and Turkey joined the Universal Postal Union in 1875 as a founding member.
Issue
Ten children survived him:[12]
- Prince Yussuf Izzeddin Efendi (1857-1916)
- Princess Saliha, wife of Kürt Ismail Pasha (1862-1941)
- Prince Shehzade Mahmud Celaleddin Efendi (1862-1888)
- Princess Nazime, wife of Halit Pasha (1866-1947)
- Prince Abdülmecid II last Caliphe (1868-1944)
- Prince Mehmed Salâhaddin Efendi (1870-1900)
- Prince Şevket (1872–1899)
- Princess Esma Sultana (1873-1899)
- Prince Seyfeddin Efendi (1874-1927)
- Princess Emine, wife of Mehmet Bey (1874-1920)
- Princess Munire Sultana (1877-1877)
Wifes: PARTNER 1 : HH Dürrünev Kadin Efendi [15 MAR 1835 - 4 DEC 1892] Union: 1856, Dolma Bagce Palace,Turkey
HIH Prince Shehzade YUSUF IZZEDDIN Efendi [10 OCT 1857 - 1 FEB 1916] HIH Princess Saliha Sultana [9 AUG 1862 - 1941] HIH Princess Emine Sultana [30 NOV 1866 - 23 JAN 1867]
PARTNER 2 : HH Edâdil Kadin Efendi [1845 - 12 DEC 1875] Union: 1861, Dolma Bagce Palace,Turkey
HIH Prince Shehzade MAHMUD CELALEDDIN Efendi [16 NOV 1862 - 1 SEP 1888] HIH Prince Shehzade MEHMED SELIM Efendi [28 SEP 1866 - 21 OCT 1867]
PARTNER 3 : HH Gevherin Kadin Efendi [8 JUL 1856 - 20 SEP 1894] Union: 1872
HIH Prince Shehzade MEHMED SEYFEDDIN Efendi [21 SEP 1874 - 19 OCT 1927]
PARTNER 4 : HH Hayranidil Kadin Efendi [2 NOV 1846 - 26 NOV 1898] Union: 21 SEP 1866, Dolma Bagce,Turkey
HIH Princess Nazima Sultana [14 FEB 1866 - 1947] HM Caliph ABDUL MEJID II [30 MAY 1868 - 23 AUG 1944]
PARTNER 5 : Nesherek Haseki Kadin Efendi [1848 - 11 JUN 1876] Union: 1868, Dolma Bagce,Turkey
HIH Prince Shehzade Mehmed Salâhaddin [25 MAR 1870 - 29 Aug 1916]
PARTNER 6 : HH Nesrin Kadin Efendi [1860 - 29 SEP 1895]
HIH Prince Shehzade MUHAMMED SHEFKET Efendi [5 JUN 1872 - 22 OCT 1899] HIH Princess Esma Sultana [21 MAR 1873 - 7 MAY 1899] HIH Princess Emine Sultana [24 AUG 1874 - 29 JAN 1920]
PARTNER 7 : Yildiz
HIH Princess Fatma Sultana [1874 - 1875] HIH Princess Munire Sultana [1877 - 1877]
References
http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bild:Ne%C5%9Ferek_Haseki_kad%C4%B1n_Efendi.jpg http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nesherek_Haseki_Kadin_Efendi
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This article or section includes a list of references or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. You can improve this article by introducing more precise citations where appropriate. |
- ^ His profile in the Ottoman Web Site
- ^ Daniel T. Rogers, "All my relatives:Valide Sultana Partav-Nihal"
- ^ "Women in Power" 1840-1870, entry: "1861-76 Pertevniyal Valide Sultan of The Ottoman Empire"
- ^ "Pertevniyal Valide Sultan Mosque Complex". Discover Islamic Art. Retrieved on 2008-01-26.
- ^ Christine Isom-Verhaaren, "Royal French Women in the Ottoman Sultans' Harem: The Political Uses of Fabricated Accounts from the Sixteenth to the Twenty-first Century"
- ^ Christopher Buyers, "The Muhammad 'Ali Dynasty Genealogy"
- ^ Non European Royalty Website, entry:"Egypt"
- ^ "Women in Power" 1840-1870, entry: " 1863-79 Valida Pasha Khushiyar of Egypt"
- ^ Rulers from the House of Mohammed Aly
- ^ Genealogical entry: "Hoshiar Walda Pasha"
- ^ Davis, Claire (1970). The Palace of Topkapi in Istanbul. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, pg. 222. ASIN B000NP64Z2.
- ^ i339.html
This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain.
External links
Media related to Abdül Aziz I at Wikimedia Commons.
